Main Carriage
Subject
The subject of a sentence is the animate or inanimate entity that performs the action or undergoes the process denoted by the verb. If the sentence denotes a state rather than an action, the subject is what the predicate (verb, adjective or copula phrase) describes. Subjects are marked by ga particle.
ใปไปๅคใฏๆใใใใใงใใญ
ใปใใฃใ็ฐไธญใใใๆฅใพใใใ
ใปThe moon is beautiful tonight
ใปMr/Ms Tanaka came just a little while ago
Object
Direct object
Direct objects are nouns and pronouns that are directly affected by the action of the verb. They are usually marked by o particle.
ใป็งใฏๅ้ใซใฏใคใณใใใใ
ใปI gave my friend a bottle of wine
Indirect object
Indirect objects are nouns and pronouns to which/whom an action is directed. They are generally marked by ni particle.
ใป็งใฏๅ้ใซใฏใคใณใใใใ
ใปI gave my friend a bottle of wine
Particles
Particles are short functional words that are attached to nouns and indicates its grammatical role.
โ ใCase Particles
Short functional words that indicates if the noun is the subject, object, indirect object or as noun modifier
ใ โข Subject
ใ โข Object
ใซ โข Indirect Object
ใฎ โข Noun Affiliation
ใป็ซใใใ
ใปๆใใใใ
ใป้ฑๆซใซใใใใกใใใซไผใใซ่กใใใ
ใปๅธฐใใฎๅ็ฌฆใฏ่ฒทใฃใใฎ๏ผ
ใปThere is a cat
ใปPut your hands down
ใปLet's visit my grandpa this weekend
ใปDid you buy a return ticket?
โกใPost Position Particles
Short functional words that follows a noun/pronoun expressing concepts such as time, manner, and location
ใง โข at, in (place of action)
ใง โข by, with (means)
ใซ โข at, to, for
ใจ โข with
ใธ โข to
ใปๅฑ
้
ๅฑใงใใผใซใ้ฃฒใ
ใปๆฐๅนน็ทใงไบฌ้ฝใซ่กใใ
ใปๆฐๅฎฟใซ่กใใพใ
ใปๅฎถๆใจๅ
ฌๅใซใใ
ใปๅๆตท้ใธ่กใ
ใปDrinking beer at Izakaya
ใปLet's go to Kyoto by Shinkansen
ใปI'm going to Shinjuku
ใปI am ging to the park with my family
ใปI'm going to Hokkaido
ใใ โข from
ใพใง โข until
ใปใใใใๅบใใ
ใปใใฎใในใฏๅตๅฑฑ้ง
ใพใง่กใ
ใปLet's go out from here
ใปThis bus goes until Arashiyama Station
โขใConjunctive Particles
Short functional words that connect two or more clauses
ใจ โข and
ใ โข but
ใ โข and
ใป็งใฏ่ฑ่ชใจๆฅๆฌ่ชใ่ฉฑใ
ใปใใผใใฏ้ฃฒใใ้
ใฏ้ฃฒใพใชใ
ใปๆฅๆฌใฏใใใใ ใๅฅฝใใงใ
ใปI speak English and Japanese
ใปI drink beer but but don't drink sake
ใปJapan is clean and so I like it
ใใฉ โข but
ใใ โข because
ใฎใซ โข although
ใป็ณใ่จณใชใใใฉ้ทๅฑ
ใงใใชใใใงใใ
ใป่ตคใๅใฏไป็ฉบ่
นใ ใใๆณฃใใฆใใ
ใปๅฝผใฏ่ฅใใฎใซใใฃใใใใฆใใญ
ใปI'm sorry, but I can't stay long
ใปThe baby is crying because it's hungry now
ใปAlthough he is young, he is responsible
โฃใSentence Final Particles
Short functional words that are attached to the end of an utterance and convey various speaker sentiments and attitudes
ใญ โข confirmation, agreement
ใ โข conviction, assertion
ใ โข soften warning, command, request
ใ โข interrogative
ใ โข weak assertive, volition
ใ โข unswayed judgement, indicates command
ใ โข unswayed judgement
ใ โข mark assertion, surprise
ใฎ โข informal question
ใป่ชญใใงใใ ใใใญ
ใปใจใฆใ้ข็ฝใใงใใ
ใป่ชญใใ
ใป่กใใพใใ
ใปใใฎ้จๅฑใฏใกใใใ
ใปใใใ
ใปใใฎ้ญๆจใใ
ใปๅใๆฅๆฌ่ชใ่ฉฑใใใ
ใปใใใใชใใฎ๏ผ
ใปPlease read it
ใปIt's very interesting
ใปRead it
ใปAre you going?
ใปThis room is small
ใปLetโs go
ใปThis fish is tasty
ใปI can also speak Japanese
ใปUnderstand?
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are words that indicate entities to which a speaker is referring.
ko
kore thisใปthis one
korera theseใปthese ones
kono (+noun) this (noun)
koko hereใปthis place
kochira this wayใปthis direction
kouiu (+noun)
suchใปthis sort ofใปlike this (noun)
konna (+noun)
suchใปthis sort ofใปlike thisใปthis kind of (noun)
konoyouna (+noun)
suchใปthis sort ofใปlike thisใปthis kind of (noun)
konnani
this (much)ใปto this degreeใปlike thisใปin this way
konoyouni
in this mannerใปin this wayใปlike this
kou in this wayใปthusใปsuch
ใปใใใฏๆฌใงใ
ใปใใใ่ฆใฆใใ
ใปใใฎใใณใฏ่ชฐใฎใงใ
ใปใใฎ้จใฎไธญใๆญฉใใฆใใใฎใงใใ
ใปใใใใๆถใใฆใใ
ใปใใใ็งใฎ้ใฃใๅญฆๆ กใ
ใปใใใพใงใฏ่ฟฝใฃใฆใใชใใ ใใ
ใปใใกใใธใฉใใ
ใปใใกใใๅใใฆใใ ใใ
ใปใใใใใใจ
ใปใใใใใตใใซใใใจใใพใใใใ
ใปใใใชๅคง้ชใฏ็ใใ
ใปใใใชๆฐๆใกใซใชใฃใใฎใฏๅใใฆใ
ใปใใฎใใใช่ฉฑใใฉใใใง่ใใใใจใใใ
ใปๆใฎๅคใฏใใใชใซๆใใชใใฃใ
ใปๅฑฑๆ็ทใใใใชใซ้
ใใใใจใฏ็ใใ
ใปใใฎใใใซใใฃใฆใใใใชใใ
ใปใฉใฑใใใฏใใๆใฃใฆใใ ใใ
ใปใใใใ, ่ชฌๆๆธใซใใๆธใใฆใใ
ใปThis is a book
ใปLook at this
ใปWhose pen is this?
ใปHave you walked in this rain?
ใปGet out of here
ใปThis is the school I went to
ใปThey won't follow us this far
ใปThis way, please
ใปPlease turn around
ใปThings like this
ใปIf you do it like this, it works
ใปSuch heavy snow is rare
ใปI've never felt like this before
ใปI've heard stories like this somewhere before
ใปIt wasn't always this hot in the summer
ใปIt's rare for the Yamanote Line to be this late
ใปTry it this way
ใปHold your racquet like this
ใปListen! This is what it says in the explanation
so
sore thatใปthat one
sorera thoseใปthose ones
sono (+noun) that (noun)
soko thereใปthat place
sochira that wayใปthat direction
souiu (+noun)
suchใปthat sort ofใปlike that (noun)
sonna (+noun)
suchใปthat sort ofใปlike thatใปthat kind of (noun)
sonoyouna (+noun)
suchใปthat sort ofใปlike thatใปthat kind of (noun)
sonnani
that (much)ใปto that degreeใปlike thatใปin that way
sonoyouni
in that mannerใปin that wayใปlike that
sou in that wayใปthusใปsuch
ใปใใไปฅๅ
ใปใใไปฅๅพ
ใปใใใซใคใใฆใฏๅพใง่ฟฐในใ
ใปใใฎๆๆฐใ
ใปใใใฏๅใใชใใใใใฎๆ่จใ ใฃใ
ใปใใใๅฐใฃใใจใใใชใใ ใ
ใปใใใใๅ
ใฏ่จใใชใใฆใใใ
ใปใใใพใงใฏ่ใใชใใฃใ
ใปใใกใใฎใ่ฆใใฆใใ ใใ
ใปไปใใใใกใใธไผบใใพใ
ใปใใกใใฎๆงๅญใฏใใใใงใใ
ใปใใใใๅ ดๅใซใฏ
ใป่ฅ่
ใซใฏๆใ
ใใใใใใจใใใใใ ใใฉ
ใปใใใใใใใ
ใปใใใชใใจใ่จใฃใใ่ชค่งฃใใใใ
ใปใใใช่ชๅใใคใใฅใใใใซใชใ
ใปใใใชใคใใใใใชใใฃใใใ
ใปใใใชใซไฝฟใฃใใฎใ
ใปใใใชใซๅฏใใชใ
ใปใปใใจใซใใใชใใงใใ
ใปใใ่ใใใจ
ใปใใใใพใใ.ใใใใพใ
ใปใใ่จใใใใฐใใใชๆฐใใใฆใใ
ใปBefore that
ใปAfter that
ใปWe'll talk about that later
ใปThat's the spirit!
ใปIt was that watch I lost
ใปThat's where the trouble lies
ใปYou don't have to tell me where to go from there
ใปI didn't think that far ahead
ใปPlease show me that
ใปI'm on my way there now
ใปHow are things going over there?
ใปIn that case
ใปI mean, that's what happens sometimes with young people
ใปThat's how it is
ใปYou'll be misunderstood if you say that
ใปI hate myself for that.
ใปI didn't mean it like that
ใปYou've spent that much?
ใปIt's not that cold
ใปIs it really so?
ใปWhen you think about it
ใปI understand. I will do that
ใปThat's what I thought when you said that
a
are thereใปthat one there
arera thoseใปthose over there
ano (+noun) that (noun) over there
asoko over thereใปthat place there
achira that wayใปthat direction
auiu (+noun)
suchใปthat sort ofใปlike that (noun)
anna (+noun)
suchใปthat sort ofใปlike thatใปthat kind of (noun)
anoyouna (+noun)
suchใปthat sort ofใปlike thatใปthat kind of (noun)
annani
that (much)ใปto that degreeใปlike thatใปin that way
anoyouni
in that mannerใปin that wayใปlike that
aa in that wayใปthusใปsuch
ใปใใใไปๅบฆใฎๅธ้ทใงใ
ใปใใใฏไฝใฎ้ณใ ใใ
ใปใใใฏไฝใงใใ
ใปใใฎๅฑฑใฏไฝใจใใๅฑฑใงใใ
ใปใใฎๅพใใฃใจ
ใปใใฎ่ฉฑใฏใฉใใชใฃใฆใ?
ใปใใใใพใง็ซถ่ตฐใใใ
ใปใใใใฎใฉใผใกใณๅฑใซๅ
ฅใใ
ใปๆฎ้ใใใใพใง่จใใชใใ
ใปใใกใใซ่ฆใใๅฑฑ
ใปใใกใใๆฐ่ฃฝๅใงใใใใพใ
ใปใใกใใฎๆฐๅใฏๆฅๆฌใใๅณใใ
ใปใใใชๆญฃ็ดใชไบบ
ใปใใใช็พใใ็ตต
ใป็งใฏใใใชใซๅใไบบใฏ่ฆใใใจใใชใ
ใปThat's the new mayor
ใปWhat was that sound?
ใปWhat is that?
ใปWhat is that mountain called?
ใปAfter all that time
ใปWhat's that story?
ใปLet's race up there!
ใปLet's go to that noodle shop
ใปThey don't usually say that much.
ใปThe mountain you can see over there
ใปThat's the new product!
ใปThe climate there is harsher than in Japan
ใปSuch an honest man
ใปSuch a beautiful picture
ใปI've never seen anyone that so great in my life
do
dore whichใปwhich one
dorera whichใปwhich ones
dono (+noun) which (noun)
doko whereใปwhat place
dochira
which wayใปwhich directionใปwhich one
douiu (+noun)
such whatใปwhat sort ofใปlike what (noun)
donna (+noun)
such whatใปwhat sort ofใปlike whatใปwhat kind of (noun)
donoyouna (+noun)
such whatใปwhat sort ofใปlike whatใปwhat kind of (noun)
donnani
how (much)ใปto what degreeใปlike whatใปin what wayใปno matter how
donoyouni
howใปin what mannerใปin what wayใปlike what
dou
in what wayใป how aboutใปhowใปno matter how
ใปใธใงใใญใฏใๅคงใไธญใๅฐใฎใฉใใใใใงใใ
ใปใใผใซใฏใใธใงใใญใจใใใซใจใฉใฃใกใใใใงใใ
ใปใฉใฎ่ปใใใใงใใ
ใปใฉใฎ้จๅฑใใใใงใใใ
ใปใฉใใใๆฅใใฎ
ใปไปๆฅใฏใฉใใใใงใใ
ใปๅฏพๆฆ็ธๆใฏใฉใใงใใ
ใปใฉใกใใธใๅบใงใงใใ
ใปๅ
ใจ้ณใจใฉใกใใ้ใใ
ใปใๅฝใฏใฉใกใใงใใ?
ใปใฉใใใ้ขจใซ
ใปใฉใใใ่จณใง
ใปใใใฏใฉใใใ่จณใงใใ
ใปใใฃใใใใใฏใฉใใใใใจ?
ใปใใฎไบบใฏใฉใใใๆงๆ ผใฎไบบใงใใ
ใปใฉใใชไบบใงใใ
ใปไปๆฅใฏใฉใใชๅ
ทๅใงใใ
ใปๅญไพใซใฉใใชๆฌใ่ชญใพใใใใใใงใใใใ
ใปใฉใใชใซ้ใใใฃใฆใ
ใปใฉใใชใซๅๅผทใใฆใ
ใปใฉใใชใใใพใใใ
ใปใฉใใใใฎ
ใปใฉใ่ใใฆใฟใฆใ
ใปใฉใ่ใใฆใฟใฆใใใใฏใใใใใ
ใปWhich one do you like a large, medium or small mug?
ใปWhich one do you prefer a mug of beer or a bottle?
ใปWhich car would you like to buy?
ใปWhich room would you like?
ใปWhere do you come from?
ใปWhere do you come from today?
ใปWhere are the opponents?
ใปWhere are you going?
ใปWhich is faster, light or sound?
ใปWhere is your country?
ใปIn what way?
ใปFor what reason?
ใปWhat is the reason?
ใปWhat is this all about?
ใปWhat kind of person is he?
ใปWhat kind of person are you?
ใปHow are you feeling today?
ใปWhat books should I read to my child?
ใปNo matter how much money you have
ใปNo matter how much you study
ใปHow can I help you?
ใปWhat's the matter?
ใปNo matter how you look at it
ใปNo matter how you look at it, that's not right
Nouns
Noun
Nouns are words which denote people, animals, places, things, or concepts.
Japanese nouns doesnโt conjugate it change itโs form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.
Forms
Noun (Plain Form - Non Past)
ใปhana โข hana da
Noun (Polite Form - Non Past)
ใปhana โข hana desu
Noun (Plain Form - Past)
ใปhana โข hana datta
Noun (Polite Form - Past)
ใปhana โข hana deshita
Noun (Plain Form - Negative)
ใปhana โข hana ja nai
Noun (Polite Form - Negative)
ใปhana โข hana dewa nai
ใปhana โข hana dewa arimasen
Noun (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ใปhana โข hana ja nakatta
Noun (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ใปhana โข hana dewa nakatta
ใปhana โข hana dewa arimasen deshita
Noun (Connective Form)
ใปhana โข hana de
Noun(Connective Form - Negative)
ใปhana โข hana ja nakute
ใปhana โข hana dewa nakute
Pro-Nouns
A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun or noun phrase.
โ ใFirst Person
็งใใใใใใใปI,me
ๅใใผใใใใใปI,me (M)
ไฟบใใใใใใใปI,me (M)
็งใใใใใใใปI,me
็งใใใใใใใปI,me (F)
โกใSecond Person
ใใชใใใใปyou
ใใฟใใใใปyou
โขใThird Person
ๅฝผใใใใใใใใใปhe,him
ๅฝผๅฅณใใใใฎใใใใปshe,her
ใใฎไบบใใใฎใฒใจใใปhe,she,that person
Noun-Phrase
A noun phrase is a modified
noun.
A word or groups of words that modifies a noun comes before the
noun.
โ ใDemonstratives + Noun
Referencing a noun
โญใkono/sono/ano/dono + Noun โ this/that/which Noun
โญใkouiu/souiu/auiu/douiu + Noun โ this/that/what kind of Noun
โญใkonna/sonna/anna/donna + Noun โ this/that/what kind of Noun
ใปใใฎๆฌ
ใปใใฎๅญฆ็
ใปใใใช่พๆธ
ใปใใฎๆ
ใปThis book
ใปThat student
ใปThis kind of dictionary
ใปAt that time
โกใSpecialized Noun modifying words
Characterize a noun
โญใarayuru + Noun โ every possible Noun
โญใiwayuru + Noun โ so-called Noun
โญใonaji + Noun โ the same Noun
โญใsaru + Noun โ the past/last Noun
ใป็งใใกใฏใใใใๅ้กใ่ฉฑใใฃใ
ใปๅฝผใฏใใใใ็ซๆดพใช็ดณๅฃซใ
ใปๅใๅนดใฎๅคซใจใฏไธๅๅใซ็ฅใๅใฃใ
ใปใใๅ
ญๆใซ็งใฎๅงใฏ้ซๆ กใฎๆๅธซใจ็ตๅฉใใ
ใปWe have talked about all possible problems
ใปHe's what we call a fine gentleman
ใปShe met her husband of the same age three yen ago
ใปIn June last year my sister married a high school teacher
โขใNoun + Noun
Affiliation/Characterization/Apposition
โญใNoun1 + no + Noun2 โ Noun1โs Noun2/Noun2 of Noun1
ใปๆฅๆฌใฎๅฑฑ
ใปๆฅๆฌใฎๆฟๆฒป
ใปๆ่ฟใฎ่ฅ่
ใป3ๆใฎ้ป่ปใซไนใ
ใปใใใฎๅฎถใฎไธปไบบ
ใปๆฑไบฌใฎใขใใผใใฏใจใฆใ้ซใ
ใปMountains of Japan
ใปJapan's politics
ใปToday's youth
ใปCatching the 3 o'clock train
ใปThe owner of this house
ใปFlats in Tokyo are very expensive
โฃใPronoun + Noun Possessing a noun
โญใwatashi/boku/ore + no + Noun โ my Noun
โญใwatashitachi + no + Noun โ our Noun
โญใanata/kimi + no + Noun โ your Noun
ใป็งใฎ่ป
ใปใใชใใฎ่ท็ฉ
ใป็งใใกใฎๅฎถ
ใปMy car
ใปYour luggage
ใปOur home
โคใAdjective(Proper) + Noun
Describing a Noun
โญใI-Adjective + Noun
ใป้ซใๅฑฑ
ใปๆฐใใไฝ้จ
ใปๅคใๅฎถๅฑ
ใปHigh mountains
ใปNew experiences
ใปOld houses
โฅใAdjective(Adjectival Noun) + Noun
Describing a Noun
โญใNa-Adjective + na + Noun
ใปใใใใชๅฑฑ
ใป้ใใชๆ
ใปๆ่ปใช็บๆณ
ใปๅคงๅคใชๅ้ก
ใปBeautiful mountains
ใปA quiet morning
ใปFlexible thinking
ใปA serious problem
โฆใAdjective(Converted Adjectival Noun) + Noun
Describing a Noun
โญใConverted-Na-Adjective + (na) + Noun
ใป็ฒพ็ฅ็ใชๅผทใ
ใป็ๆณ็ใช็ทๆง
ใปๆฟๆฒป็ๅ้ก
ใป็คพไผ็่ฒฌไปป
ใปMental strength
ใปThe ideal man
ใปPolitical issues
ใปSocial Responsibility
โงใAdjective(No Adjective) + Noun
Describing a Noun
โญใNo-Adjective + no + Noun
ใปใใณใฏใฎใใฉใใณใด
ใป็ใฎใญใใณ
ใปๅ
ฌใฎไบๅฎ
ใป่ฃธใฎ็ๅฎ
ใปๆฌๅฝใฎ่ฉฑ
ใปๆๅพใฎ้จๅ
ใปๆๅใฎๅบ็พ
ใปPink flamingos
ใปRaw mushrooms
ใปPublic facts
ใปThe naked truth
ใปThe real story
ใปThe last part
ใปFirst appearance
โจใAdjective(No AdjectiveใปAdjective-StemใปAdverbial Noun) +
Noun Describing a Noun
โญใNo-Adjective + no + Noun
ใป่ฟใใฎในใผใใผ
ใป้ ใใฎ็บ
ใปๅคใใฎๆฉ็จฎ
ใปNearby supermarkets
ใปA far away town
ใปMany models
โฉใNumber + Counter + Noun
Characterizing a Noun
โญใNumber + Counter + no + Noun
ใปไธใคใฎๅฐๅ
ใปใฌใณใบไธๆใฎไพกๆ ผ
ใปOne region
ใปPrice per lens
โชใAdverb + Noun Describing a Noun
โญใAdverb-te + no + Noun
ใปๅ
จใฆใฎ่ฆๅถ
ใปใฏใใใฆใฎไฝๅฑ
ใป็ใพใใฆๅใใฆใฎไฝ้จใ ใฃใ
ใปAll regulations
ใปYour first home
ใปIt was the first time in my life
โชใAdverb + Noun Describing a Noun
โญใAdverb + (to) + shita + Noun
ใปใตใจใใใใจใใๅฏบๅฑฑไฟฎๅธใใใ
ใปใใใใฃใจใใๆญฏใใใใฏๆใๅคใซใๅใ
ใปๆผ ใจใใไธๅฎใซ่ฅฒใใใ
ใปBy chance I got to know Shuji Terayama
ใปThe crunchy texture is ideal for hot summer days
ใปI get vague anxiety
โซ Onomatope + Noun (Onomatope as Noun Modifier)
Describing a Noun
โญใOnomatope + no/na + Noun
ใปใใซใใซใฎ้ด
ใปใใตใใตใฎ้ซช
ใปใคใฉใคใฉใฎๆฐๆใก
ใปใใคใใคใฎ้ฃใน็ฉ
ใปShiny shoes
ใปDry hair
ใปFeelings of frustration
ใปHot food
โฌ Noun + Particle + Noun
Referencing a Noun
โญใNoun + Particle + no + Noun
ใปๅ
็ใใใฎๆ็ด
ใปๅณๆธๅใงใฎๅๅผท
ใป้ง
ใพใงใฎใใน
ใปLetter from the teacher
ใปStudy in the library
ใปBus to the station
โญใNoun + Adjective/Verb + Noun
Describing a Noun
โญใNoun + ga/no + Adjective/Verb + Noun
ใป้ ญใใใไบบ
ใปใใๅใใใใ้ญ
ใป่ชฌๅพๅใฎใใใณใผใใซใชใใ ใใ
ใป่ใ้ซใๅฅณๆงใๅคใใชใฃใฆใใใฎใซๅฏพๅฟใใใใฎ
ใปA smart person
ใปA fish that smells good
ใปHe'll be a very convincing coach
ใปA response to the growing number of taller women
โฎใRelative Clause + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
โญใVta + Noun
ใป้กใใไฝๅ
ใป็บ้ใใ็ญ่
ใปๅฎๅฎใใ็ๆดป
ใป็งใๆจๆฅ่ฆใๅฑฑ
ใป่ช็ซใใ่จผๅธไผ็คพใฏ่ฒใใชใ
ใปA entitled work
ใปDeveloping muscles
ใปA stable life
ใปThe mountain I saw yesterday
ใปNo independent brokerage firm can grow
โฏใInternal sentences before compound particles (pre-nominal
form) + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
โญใNoun/Verb + Compound Particle + Noun
ใปๆฅๆฌ่ชๆๆณใซ้ขใใ่ซๆ
ใปใใฎไปไบใใใใซๅฝใใฃใฆใฎๆณจๆ
ใป้ธๆใจใใฆใฎ็ตๆญดใฏใใใ
ใปใใฎใใจใซใคใใฆใฎๅคง่ฃใฎ่ใใฏ
ใปArticles in relation Japanese grammar
ใปPrecautions for doing this job
ใปHis career as a player is incredible
ใปThe Minister's thoughts on this are..
โฐใAdverbial Clause + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
โญใClause-te + no + Noun
ใปใๅฎขใใใใฃใฆใฎๅๅฃฒ
ใปใถใใฏใ่่ฒ ใฃใฆใฎใใใใ ไธไบบๆ
ใปใใใงใ่ฑใใใๆฑใใฆใฎ้่ตฐใฏ็ถใ
ใปCustomers are our business
ใปTraveling alone in Vietnam with a backpack
ใปYet the flight to riches continues
โฑใNoun/Sentence toiu + Noun
Providing information in relation to a Noun
โญใNoun/Sentence + toiu + Noun โ Noun named/called/that is Noun/Sentence
ใปๅฏๅฃซๅฑฑใจใใๅฑฑ
ใปในใบใญใจใใๅญฆ็
ใปๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅฐ็ใไธๆฅ้
ใใใจใใ้ฃ็ตกใๅ
ฅใฃใ
ใปA mountain called Mt Fuji
ใปA student called Suzuki
ใปI was informed that her arrival would be delayed by one day
โฒใSentence + Nominalizer
Converting a sentence to a noun equivalent
โญใSentence + koto/no
ใปๅ
ๅญใใใขใใๅผพใใฆใใใฎใ่ใใ
ใปใใไผใใใจใๅฟ
่ฆใงใ
ใปI heard Mitsuko playing the piano
ใปYou need to rest well
โณใEmbedded Interrogative Sentences
Providing information in relation to a Noun in a form of a question
โญใSentence + ka
ใป่ชฐใใใใใใใใๅ้กใ
ใป่ชญๆธใใใใซๅคงๅใใๆใใๅฟ
่ฆใใใ
ใปIt's just a question of who will do it
ใปWe need to teach them how important reading is
ใใMultiple Nouns Connecting Nouns
โญใnoun to noun (to) โ Noun and Noun
โญใnoun ya noun (ya) โ Noun, Noun among others
โญใnoun, noun, noun nado โ Noun, Noun, Noun and etc
โญใnoun toka noun toka โ Noun, Noun and so on
โญใnoun ka noun โ Noun or Noun
โญใnoun, noun matawa noun โ Noun, Noun or Noun
ใปใบใใจๆฌ๏ผใจ๏ผ
ใปๅฏฟๅธใใฉใผใกใณใใ้ฃฏ๏ผใ๏ผ
ใปใขใกใชใซ,ใใคใ,ใใฉใณในใชใฉ
ใปๅคฉใทใใจใใใใฟใจใใใฉใใจใ
ใปใซใฟใซใใใฒใใใช๏ผใ๏ผ
ใปๆฅๆฌ่ช,้ๅฝ่ช,ใพใใฏไธญๅฝ่ช
ใปPen and book
ใปSushi, ramen and rice
ใปUSA, Germany, France, etc.
ใปTempura, sashimi, udon...
ใปKatakana or Hiragana
Na-Adjectives
Na-Adjectives are adjectival nouns which describes other nouns and pronouns.
Structure
Na-Adjectives doesnโt conjugate it change itโs form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.
Forms
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
ใปgenki โข genki da
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
ใปgenki โข genki desu
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past)
ใปgenki โข genki datta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past)
ใปgenki โข genki deshita
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
ใปgenki โข genki ja nai
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
ใปgenki โข genki dewa nai
ใปgenki โข genki dewa arimasen
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ใปgenki โข genki ja nakatta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ใปgenki โข genki dewa nakatta
ใปgenki โข genki dewa arimasen deshita
Na-Adj (Connective Form)
ใปgenki โข genki de
Na-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
ใปgenki โข genki ja nakute
ใปgenki โข genki dewa nakute
Na-Adj (Adverbial Form)
ใปgenki โข genki ni
Na-Adj (Adjectival Form)
ใปgenki โข genki na
List
I-Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.
Structure
Forms
I-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
ใปyasui โข yasui
I-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
ใปyasui โข yasui desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Tense)
ใปyasui โข yasukatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Tense)
ใปyasui โข yasukatta desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
ใปyasui โข yasukunai
I-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
ใปyasui โข yasukunai desu
ใปyasui โข yasukuarimasen
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ใปyasui โข yasukunakatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ใปyasui โข yasukunakatta desu
ใปyasui โข yasukuarimasen deshita
I-Adj.ad (Adverbial Form)
ใปyasui โข yasuku
I-Adj (Connective Form)
ใปyasui โข yasukute
I-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
ใปyasui โข yasukunakute
I-Adj (Conditional Form - ba)
ใปyasui โข yasukereba
I-Adj (Conditional Form - tara)
ใปyasui โข yasukattara
I-Adj (Root)
ใปyasu
List
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that precede and modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even whole clauses.
Structure
โ Adverbs Derivation
Adjective Stem โข Adverb
ใปใใพใใใโขใใใพใใใโฆ skillfully, well
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใโฆ inexpensively, cheaply
ใปใตใใใใโขใใตใใใใโฆ deeply, intimately
ใปใฏใใใใโขใใฏใใใใโฆ early, soon, quickly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใโฆ awfully, very, immensely
ใปใฟใใใใโขใใฟใใใใโฆ shortly, briefly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใโฆ in detail, fully
Na Adjective โข Adverb
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใซใใโฆ neatly, carefully
ใปใจใในใคใโขใใจใในใคใซใโฆ speacilly, particularlly
ใปใใใใคใโขใใใใใคใซใโฆ carefully, with great care
No Adjective โข Adverb
ใปใฏใ ใใโขใใฏใ ใใงใโฆ nakedly
Onomatope โข Adverb
ใปใกใใใจใโขใใกใใใจใโฆ properly, deligently, exactly
ใปใจใใจใใโขใใจใใจใใโฆ shaky, unsteadily
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใโฆ completely, entirely
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใ(ใจ)ใโฆ slowly, leisurely
ใปใใซใใซใโขใใใซใใซ(ใจ)ใโฆ sparkly
ใปใตใใตใใโขใใตใใตใ(ใจ)ใโฆ shaky, unsteadily
Verbs โข Adverb
ใปใฏใใใใโขใใฏใใใฆใโฆ first time
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใฆใโฆ extremely, exceedingly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใฆใโฆ exceedingly
ใป่ฟฝใใใใโขใ่ฟฝใฃใฆใใโฆ later on, shortly, in due course
Verbs (Duplication) โข Adverb
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใ-ใใใใโฆ timidly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใ-ใใใใโฆ in-turn
ใปใฟใใใใโขใใฟใ-ใฟใใใใโฆ as you look on
Nouns (Adverbial Nouns) โข Adverb
These are used as an adeverb to express time
ใปใใพใใโขใใใพใใโฆ now
ใปใใใใโขใใใใใโฆ today
ใปใใฎใใโขใใใฎใใโฆ yesterday
ใปใใใใโขใใใใใโฆ tomorrow
ใปใใใใโขใใใใใโฆ morning
ใปใฒใใใโขใใฒใใใโฆ noon
ใปใใใใโขใใใใใโฆ night
ใปใฏใใใโขใใฏใใใโฆ spring
ใปใชใคใใโขใใชใคใใโฆ summer
ใปใใใใโขใใใใใโฆ autumn
ใปใตใใใโขใใตใใใโฆ winter
ใปใใใใโขใใใใใโฆ old times
Nouns/Verbs + Compound Particle (Pre-Verbal Form) โข Adverbials
Modifies, describes or gives more information about the verb itโs closely connected
ใปๆฅๆฌใฎๆๅใซใคใใฆ่ฉฑใ
ใปๅนดใๅใใซใคใใฆ่จๆถๅใ่กฐใใ
ใปTo talk about Japanese culture
ใปAs one grows old one's memory fails
Types
โก Different types of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
Indicates the way some action is being performed
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใซใโฆ neatly
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใโฆ completely
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใโฆ well
ใปใพใฃใใใโขใใพใฃใใใโฆ straightly
ใปใกใใใฉใโขใใกใใใฉใโฆ exactly
ใปใฏใฃใใใโขใใฏใฃใใใโฆ clearly
ใปใพใฃใใใโขใใพใฃใใใโฆ really
ใปใกใใใจใโขใใกใใใจใโฆ properly
ใปใใกใใจใโขใใใกใใจใโฆ accurately
ใปใถใใใใโขใใถใใซใใโฆ safely
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใโฆ immediately
Adverbs of Degree
Indicates the degree to which the word it modifies
ใปใใฃใจใใโขใใใฃใจใใใโฆ more, even more, further
ใปใใฃใจใใโขใใใฃใจใใใโฆ extremely, most
ใปใใกใฐใใโขใใใกใฐใใใโฆ most, number one
ใปใ ใใถใใโขใใ ใใถใใใโฆ pretty, considerably
ใปใฒใใใใโขใใฒใใใใซใโฆ very, extremely
ใปใปใจใใฉใโขใใปใจใใฉใใโฆ almost, mostly
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใใโฆ entirety, (not) at all, never
ใปใใคใใใโขใใใคใซใใใโฆ really/very clever
ใปใใชใใใโขใใใชใใใใโฆ considerably, fairly
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใใโฆ quite, fairly, considerably
ใปใใใใฆใโขใใใใใฆใใโฆ extremely, exceedingly
ใปใใฃใใใโขใใใฃใใใใโฆ completely, entirely
ใปใใใธใใโขใใใใธใใใโฆ very, greatly, terribly
ใปใจใฆใใใโขใใจใฆใใใใโฆ very, exceedingly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใใโฆ very, immensely
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใใโฆ a lot, sufficiently
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใซใใโฆ a lot, much, greatly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใซใใโฆ a little, slightly
ใปใใใถใใโขใใใใถใใใโฆ very, etremely, terribly
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใใโฆ a little, a few
ใปใใพใใใโขใใใพใใใใโฆ (not) very much
ใปใใใใใโขใใใใใใใโฆ (not) at all
ใปใชใใชใใโขใใชใใชใใใโฆ pretty, fairly
ใปใพใใพใใโขใใพใใพใใใโฆ so-so
Adverbial Nouns of time and frequency
Indicates the time and frequency to which the word it modifies
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใใใโฆ beforehand, previously
ใปใฏใใใใใใโข ใฏใใใซใใใโฆ firstly, first of all
ใปใใพใใใใใโข ใใพใใใใใโฆ now
ใปใใพใซใใใใโข ใใพใซใใใใโฆ any moment
ใปใใฎใใใ ใใโข ใใฎใใใ ใใโฆ the other day, lately
ใปใใฎใจใใใใโข ใใฎใจใใใใโฆ lately, recently
ใปใพใ ใใใใใโข ใพใ ใใใใใโฆ still, as yet, only
ใปใพใใชใใใใโข ใพใใชใใใใโฆ soon, shortly, in a moment
ใปใพใใใใใใโข ใพใใซใใใใโฆ rarely
ใปใพใใใใใใโข ใพใใใใใใโฆ again
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใใใโฆ already
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใใใโฆ in the past
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใซใใใโฆ finally
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใใใโฆ recently
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใซใใโฆ first, onset
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใซใใใใโฆ ahead (of), first
ใปใใใปใฉใใใโข ใใใปใฉใใใโฆ a while ago
ใปใใฃใใใใใโข ใใฃใใใใใโฆ a moment ago
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใซใใใใโฆ immediately
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใใใโฆ a little, a bit
ใปใใณใใณใใใโข ใใณใใณ ใใโฆ often
ใปใใฐใใฐใใใโข ใใฐใใฐใใใโฆ frequently
ใปใใใฃใกใ
ใใโข ใใใฃใกใ
ใใโฆ always, frequently
ใปใใงใใใใใโข ใใงใซใใใใโฆ already, too late
ใปใคใใใใใใโข ใคใใซใใใใโฆ next to
ใปใใใใใใใโข ใใใใใใใโฆ often
ใปใใใฆใใใใโข ใใใฆใใใใโฆ shortly
ใปใใฃใจใใใใโข ใใฃใจใใใใโฆ all along, throughout
List
Onomatope
Onomatope is a word or group of words which have their meaning indicated by the sounds they mimic.
1. ๆฅๆฌ่ชใใใฉใใฉใซใชใใใ
You will become fluent in Japanese.
2. ๆผขๅญใใใใใ่ชญใใใ
I can read kanji easily.
3. ๅฐใใใคใณใใณใๅๅผทใใใใใญใ
I've studied hard, little by little.
4. ใใใใใไธ็ๆธๅฝ็ทด็ฟใใใใ
Let's keep practicing hard from now on.
5. ใฉใใฉใๆฅๆฌ่ชใง่ฉฑใใฆใฟใใใ
Try to speak Japanese more and more
6. ้้ใใฆใใใใใใใใชใใงใ
Don't worry if you make a mistake.
7. ใใใใๅๅผทใใฆใใไปๆนใใชใใ
You can't help it if you study it reluctantly.
8. ใ ใใ ใไธๆใซใชใใใใญใ
You'll get better and better at it gradually
9. ๅณใใๅ
็ใใใใทใใทๆใใฆใใใใใ
A strict teacher will teach you hard
10. ๅญฆๆ กใฎไธญใฏใฌใคใฌใคใใใใใฃใใ
It was clamorously noisy in the school.
11. ใฟใใชใใใใฃใฏใใฃใใในใฃใฆใใใใ
Everyone was chattering.
12. ๅ
็ใๆฅใใใใทใผใณใจ้ใใซใชใฃใใ
When the teacher arrived, the scene became quiet.
13. ใฝใฏใฝใฏใใฆ่ฝใก็ใใชใใญใ
I'm so nervous and restless.
14. ใใผใใชใใ ใใใญใใญใใใชใใ
It's a date. I'm so excited
15. ใใใงใฆใญใฆใญใใฆใใใ ใ
That's what's making me so happy.
16. ใใ่กใใชใใใใใฟใใฟใ ใใ
I have to go. I'm in a flurry.
17. ใใฟใณ๏ผ็ใใใใขใซๆใใฏใใใ ใ
Bang! Ouch, I stuck my finger in the door.
18. ๅฑใชใใใ๏ฝใใใฉใใฉใใใ
Dangerous. Oh, I'm on edge.
19. ใใใชใซใฌใใฌใ่จใใชใใงใ
Don't be so nagging.
20. ใฐใบใฐใบใใฆใใใใๆ้ใ็กใใชใใใ ใใ
You're goofing off, and you're running out of time.
21. ใฆใใฑใไปไบใใงใใไบบใซใชใใใใชใ
I want to be a person who can work quickly.
22. ใใใใๆๅฅใ่จใฃใฆใใใใใใใชใใ
I can't help it if I complain about it.
23. ๆๆฅใใๆฅๆฌใ ใใฏใฏใฏใฏใใใชใใ
I'm going to Japan tomorrow. I'm so excited.
24. ใขใฟใใฟใใชใใใใซใๆบๅใใใใฃใจใ
I'm going to get ready so I don't get caught off guard.
25. ใใฃใใจใใใใจใใใใ
I'll do what I have to do.
26. ใใฎในใผใใฑใผในใฏใใใฃใใ้ใใญใ
This suitcase is very heavy.
27. ใจใคใทใงใใจใคใทใงใ้ใถใฎใๅคงๅคใ ใใ
Yosh, yosh. It's hard to carry
28. ใใใใใใ ใฃใใใๆฅฝใ
ๆใฆใใใฉใชใ
I could easily carry this much.
29. ใดใญใดใญ่ปขใใใฆใใใใใใ ใใใใใถใ
I'll just roll it over. It'll be fine.
30. ใใใใๅฏใใใใชใ
I think I'll go to bed soon.
31. ไธๆฅใใใฃใจใใ้ใซ็ตใใฃใกใใฃใใญใ
The day just flew by, didn't it?
32. ใในใใผใใฏใกใใใจๆใฃใ?
I got my passport in order.
33. ใใฃใใๅฎถใฎใซใฎใ้ใใฆใ
Make sure the house is locked up.
34. ใพใ ใๆ้ใฏใใฃใทใใใใใ
There's still plenty of time.
35. ใใใใชใใใใณใใณใ
I'm already starving.
36. ใใฃใใฃใใจใใฏใใไฝใใใใ
I'll make you a quick meal.
37. ใใฏใใฏใใ้ฃในใใญใ
You eat a lot of food.
38. ใใฃใ้ฃในใใใฆใ่ใใ ใซใ ใซใใใ
Ugh, I ate too much. My stomach is upset.
39. ้ ญใใบใญใบใญ็ใใ
My head is throbbing.
40. ใใฉใใฉๆฃๆญฉใงใใใใใใชใ
I think I'll go for a stroll.
41. ใฎใใณใใใฎ่พบใๆญฉใใฆใใใใ
I'm gonna take a leisurely walk around the block.
42. ๆๆฅใฏใไบๅฎใใใฃใใ่ฉฐใพใฃใฆใใใ
I've got a jam-packed schedule tomorrow.
43. ไปๆฅใฏใ้จๅฑใงใพใฃใใๆ ็ปใงใ่ฆใ?
Do you want to sit in your room and watch a movie today?
44. ๆ ็ปใ่ฆใชใใใใฆใใฆใใญใใฃใกใใฃใใ
I fell asleep while watching the movie.
45. ๆใพใงใใใฃใใ็ ใใ?
Did you get a good night's sleep?
46. ๆๅทฎใใฑใงใใชใใชใ็ ใใชใใฃใใ
Jet lag made it hard to sleep.
47. ใใคใฌใซ่กใฃใฆใใฃใใใใใ
I went to the bathroom to clear my head.
48. ๆฐๅฎฟใฎ่กใฏใใกใใใกใใใฆใใญใ
It's a messy town in Shinjuku.
49. ใคใใใใชไบบใใฆใญใฆใญใใฆใใ
There are some dangerous people walking around.
50. ใผใใใใใฆใใจใ่ฟทๅญใซใชใใใใ
If you're in a daze, you'll get lost.
Inerrogatives

Nominalizer
Nominalization is the process of turning
words/phrases into nouns/noun phrases that arenโt nouns.
The two nominalizers are no and
koto.
no
โ ใnoto~ใป~ingใปthat
no is use when referring to
A specific instance of an activity
A concrete or direct action
A personal or familiar knowledge
A back referral
Using perception verbs
A specific instance of an activity
โญใVru/Vta + no
ใปๆฅๅนดๆฅๆฌใธ่กใใฎใฏ็ฐไธญใใใงใ
ใป็ฐไธญใใใๆฅๆฌใธ่กใใฎใฏๆฅๅนดใงใ
ใปใใฎๆ็ดใๆธใใใฎใฏ่ชฐ?
ใปIt is Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan next year
ใปIt is next year that Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan
ใปWho wrote this letter?
A concrete or direct action
โญใVru + no
ใปใใใๆใกไธใใใฎใๆไผใฃใฆใใ
ใปใๆฏใใใๆฉๅพก้ฃฏใไฝใใฎใๆไผใ
ใปๅฝผๅฅณใๅ็ฒงใใใฎใๅพ
ใค
ใปๅฝผๅฅณใ่ฒทใ็ฉใ็ตใใใฎใๅพ
ใฃใฆใใพใ
ใปๅญไพใใใฌใใ่ฆใใฎใๆญขใใ
ใปๅ้ใๅธฐใใฎใๆญขใใ
ใปๅฎฟ้กใใใใฎๅฟใใ
ใปHelp me to lift this
ใปI help my mom to cook dinner
ใปI wait for my girlfriend to put her make up on
ใปI'm waiting for her to finish her shopping
ใปI stopped my children from watching TV
ใปI stopped my friend to go home
ใปI forgot to do my homework
A personal/familiar knowledge
โญใVru + no
ใป็ฐไธญใใใฏๆฅๆฌ่ชใๆใใใฎใไธๆใงใ
ใปใตใใซใผใ่ฆใใฎใๅฅฝใใงใ
ใป่ช่ปข่ปใซไนใใฎใๅซใใงใ
ใปใใขใใๅผพใใฎใๅพๆใงใ
ใปใฎใฟใผใๅผพใใฎใไธๆใงใ
ใปใ้
ใ้ฃฒใใฎใ่ฆๆใงใ
ใป็ตตใๆใใฎใไธๆใงใ
ใปTanaka-san is good at teaching Japanese
ใปI like to watch football
ใปI don't like to ride a bicycle
ใปI am good at playing the piano
ใปI am good at playing the guitar
ใปI am not good in drinking alcohol
ใปI am not good at drawing
A back referral
โญใVru + no
ใปๆฅๆฌ่ชใ่ฉฑใใฎใฏ้ฃใใใงใ
ใป้่ปขใใใฎใฏ็ฐกๅใงใ
ใป้็ใใใใฎใฏๆฅฝใใใงใ
ใปๆผขๅญใ่ฆใใใฎใฏ้ข็ฝใใชใ
ใปใใใใฃใฆๆฏใ่ฟใใฎใฃใฆ้ข็ฝใใใญ
ใปSpeaking Japanese is difficult
ใปDriving is easy
ใปPlaying baseball is fun
ใปMemorizing Kanji is not interesting
ใปLooking back like this is interesting
Using perception verbs
โญใVru + no
ใปๅฝผใๆญฉใใฆใใใฎใ่ฆใ
ใปใใฎไบบใ็งใฎ่ฒกๅธใ็ใใฎใ่ฆใ
ใปๅใฏใใใใๆณณใใฎใ่ฆใฆใใ
ใป็ฝใ่ปใ่ตฐใๅปใใฎใ่ฆใใ
ใป็ฐไธญใใใใใคใชใชใณใๅผพใใฎใ่ใใ
ใป้ณใๅดฉใใใฎใ่ใใใพใ
ใป่ชฐใใๆญใฃใฆใใใฎใ่ใใใพใ
ใปๅฎถใๆบใใใฎใๆใใ
ใปI saw him walking
ใปI saw that man steal my wallet
ใปI was watching Shizue swim
ใปI saw a white car drives off
ใปI heared Ms.Tanaka play the violin
ใปI hear a sound crumbling
ใปI hear someone singing
ใปI felt the house shake
koto
โกใkototo~ใป~ingใปthat
koto is use when referring to
An abstract concept or thinking
A significant knowledge or concept
A notable experience
A decision
A potential or ability
A nominalized Engine
Following a grammatical pattern
A abstract concept or thinking
โญใVru + koto
ใปๅจใซๆฉใๅฐฑ่ทใใใใใจใ่ใใ
ใปๆฅๆฌ่ชใงใฏไธใคใฎๆผขๅญใซใฎ่ชญใฟๆนใใใใใจใ็ฟใฃใ
ใปI thought about getting my daughter a job as soon as possible
ใปI learnt that in Japanese there are different ways of reading a single kanji
A significant knowledge or concept
โญใVru + koto
ใปๆฏๆฅ็ทด็ฟใใใใจ(ใฏ/ใ)ๅคงๅใงใ
ใปๆผขๅญใใไผๆใใใใจ(ใฏ/ใ)ๅฟ
่ฆใ
ใปใใใชใใจใๅฏ่ฝใชใใ ใใใ
ใปItโs important to practice everyday
ใปStudying Kanji is necessary
ใปIs that really possible?
Following a grammatical patternใปA notable experience
โญใVta + koto ga aru
ใปๆฅๆฌใซ่กใฃใใใจใใใใพใ
ใปๅฏฟๅธใ้ฃในใใใจใใใใพใ
ใปไฝๅบฆใๆฅๆฌ้ฃใ้ฃในใใใจใใใใพใ
ใปI have been to Japan
ใปI've eaten sushi
ใปI've eaten Japanese food a few times
Following a grammatical patternใปA potential or ability
โญใVru + koto ga dekiru
ใปๆฅๆฌ่ชใ่ฉฑใใใจใใงใใ
ใปใฎใฟใผใๅผพใใใจใใงใใ
ใปI can speak Japanese
ใปI can play a guitar
Following a grammatical patternใปA decision
โญใVru + koto ni suru
โญใVru + koto ni naru
โญใVru + koto ni kimeru
ใป็งใฏๆฅๅนดๅฐๅใซ่ปขๅคใใใใจใซใชใใพใใ
ใปๆฏๆฅๆผขๅญใๅ่ฆใใใใจใซใใพใใ
ใปๅฝผใฏ่ชๅใง่กใใใจใซๆฑบใใ
ใปI has been decided that I will transfer to Kosaka next year
ใปI have decided to memorise ten kanji every day
ใปHe decided to go by himself
Following a grammatical patternใปA nominalized Engine
โญใ.. + koto da/desu
ใป่ถฃๅณใฏๅ็ใๆฎใใใจใงใ
ใปๅคขใฏไธ็ไธญใๆ
่กใใใใจใงใ
ใปใใฎๆ็ใฎ็น่ฒใฏใใใใใชๆๆใๅ
ฅใฃใฆใใใใจใงใ
ใปMy hobby is taking photos
ใปMy dream is to travel around the world
ใปThe feature of this dish is that it contains various ingredients
Counters
Numbers
Numbers 1-10
ใปไธใichi
ใปไบใni
ใปไธใsan
ใปๅใyon
ใปไบใgo
ใปๅ
ญใroku
ใปไธใnana/shichi
ใปๅ
ซใhachi
ใปไนใkyuu
ใปๅใjuu
Generic Counters
Counters 1-10
ใปใฒใจใคใใhitotsu
ใปใตใใคใใfutatsu
ใปใฟใฃใคใใmittsu
ใปใใฃใคใใyottsu
ใปใใคใคใใitsutsu
ใปใใฃใคใใmuttsu
ใปใชใชใคใใnanatsu
ใปใใฃใคใใyatsu
ใปใใใฎใคใkokonotsu
ใปใจใใใใtoo
Unit Counters
Time
ใป็งใใใณใใใใใใใโฆ seconds
ใปๅใใใตใ/ใทใ/ใถใใโฆ minutes
ใปๆใใใใใคใใใใใโฆ number of months
ใปๆใใใคใใใใใใใโฆ number of months
ใปๅนดใใใญใใใใใใใโฆ number of years
ใปๆ้ใใใใใใใใใโฆ number of hours
ใป้ฑ้ใใใ
ใใใใใใโฆ number of weeks
Numerical Value
ใปๅใใใ
ใใโฆ tens
ใป็พใใฒใใใโฆ hundreds
ใปๅใใใใใโฆ thousand
ใปไธใใพใใใโฆ ten thousand
Percentage
ใปๅฒใใใใโฆ percent
Weight
ใปใญใญใใใใใญใญใใใใโฆ kilo
ใปใฐใฉใ ใใใใฐใฉใ ใใใโฆ gram
ใปใใชใฐใฉใ ใใใชใฐใฉใ ใโฆ milligram
Distance
ใปใกใผใใซใใใกใผใใซใโฆ meter
ใปใปใณใใใใใปใณใใใโฆ centimeter
Volume
ใปใชใใใซใใใชใใใซใโฆ liter
Classifiers
Classification
ใปๆญณใใใใใใใใใใโฆ age
ใปๅนใใดใใปใฒใใปใณใใโฆ pets
ใป้ ญใใจใใใใใใใใโฆ big animals
ใป็พฝใใใใใใใใใใโฆ birds
ใปๅใใใคใใใใใใใโฆ books, album, magazine
ใปๆใใพใใใใใใใใโฆ flat things
ใปๅใใใใใใใใใใโฆ number of times
ใป้ใใใใใใใใใใโฆ building floors
ใปๅใใใใใใใใใใโฆ small objects, individual
ใป็ผถใใใใใใใใใใโฆ cans
ใปๆฌใใฝใใปใปใใปใผใใโฆ cylindrical things
ใปไบบใใใใปใใใใใใโฆ person
ใปๅใใใใใใใใใใโฆ person
ใปๅฐใใ ใใใใใใใใโฆ machines
ใปๆฅใใใปใซใกใใใใใโฆ day
ใปๆใใใคใใใใใใใโฆ month
ใปๅนดใใญใใใใใใใใโฆ years
ใปๅธญใใใใใใใใใใโฆ numbers of seats
ใปๆฎตใใตใ ใใใใใใใโฆ stairs, steps, drawers, layer
ใปๆใใใใใใใใใใโฆ oโclock
ใป็นใใฆใใใใใใใใโฆ points, mark
ใปๆฏใใฑใใปใฏใใปใฐใใโฆ liquid in glasses, bowls
ใปๅใใฐใใใใใใใใโฆ multiples, -fold as in โtwofold"
ใปๆณใใฏใใปใฑใใใใใโฆ night stay
ใป่ปใใใใใใใใใใโฆ buildings, houses
ใป็ชใใฐใใใใใใใใโฆ number (ex. no. 2 - ni ban)
ใป่ชฒใใใใใใใใใใโฆ chapter, lesson
ใปๆฌกใใใใใใใใใใโฆ stage, order, times
Ordinals
Suffix
็ฎ โฆ ใ โฆ is added to indicate order
ใป3 ๆฏ็ฎใโฆ Third bowl
ใป3 ๅ็ฎใโฆ Third time
ใป1 ่ป็ฎใโฆ First house/building
ใป4 ๅ็ฎใโฆ Fourth one
ใป2 ไบบ็ฎใโฆ The second person
ใปไธๅ็ฎใฎๅธญใใโฆ The first row seat
ใปไธ็ช็ฎใฎๅญใใโฆ The first girl
ใปไธใค็ฎใฎไฟกๅทใโฆ The first traffic light
ใปใใใค็ฎใฎ้ง
ใโฆ The nth station (How many stations?)
Prefix
็ฌฌ โฆ ใ ใ โฆ is added to indicate order
ใป็ฌฌไธ่ชฒใใใโฆ The first chapter
ใป็ฌฌไบๆใใใโฆ The second term
ใป็ฌฌไบๆฎต้ใใโฆ The second stage
ใป็ฌฌไธๆฌก็ฃๆฅญใโฆ Primary industry
ใป็ฌฌไธๆฌกไบ้ฒใโฆ Primary prevention
ใป็ฌฌไบๆฌก้ๅฃใโฆ Secondary group
ใป็ฌฌไบๆฌก่ฃฝๅใโฆ Secondary product
Adverbial Quantifiers
Adverbs
ใปๅคใใใใใใใใใโฆ many
ใปๅฐใใใใใใใใใโฆ a few, a little
ใปใกใใฃใจใใกใใฃใจใโฆ a few, a little
ใปใใใใใใใใใใโฆ a lot, plenty, many
Affixes
Prefix
A prefix is a short element that is attached to the beginning of a word to add an additional meaning to or to change the meaning of the word.
ใปใใใolite prefix
ใปๅฏใใable, ible
ใปๅใใeach, several
ใป็ใใone
ใป้ใใcounter, reverse
ใปใใใpolite prefix
ใปๆบใใsemi, quasi, assoc
ใป่ซธใใmany, various
ใป็ด ใใbare
ใปๅ
จใใwhole, entire
ใป็ทใใgrand, general
ใปๆฐใใseveral, a number of
ใปใๆ็ดใปletterใปใไธๆใปskillfulใปใๅฟใใใปbusy
ใปๅฏ็็ฉใปflammable thingใปๅฏๆบถๆงใปsolubility
ใปๅๅฝใปeach countryใปๅ้จๅฑใปeach room
ใป็ๆใปone handใป็ไธๆนใปone of the twoใป็ๆใปa monent
ใป้ๅนๆใปcounter productiveใป้ใณใผในใปreverse course
ใปใๅฎถๆใปyour familyใปใ็ตๅฉใปmarriage
ใปๆบๆฑบๅใปsemi-finalใปๆบไผๅกใปassociate member
ใป่ซธ่จญๅใปmany facilitiesใป่ซธ็ฉไพกใปvarious prices
ใป็ด ่ถณใปbare footใป็ด ็ผใใปunglazed pottery
ใปๅ
จๅฝๆฐใปthe whole nationใปๅ
จไบบๅฃใปentire population
ใป็ท้ธๆใปgeneral electionใป็ทๅ่จใปgrand total
ใปๆฐๅคใใปin large numbersใปๆฐๆ กใปseveral schools
Suffix
A suffix is a short element that is attached to the end of a word to change the meaning of or to add an additional meaning to the word.
ใปๅฎถใใer, ian, ist
ใป้ใใlimited to, only
ใปๆนใใhow to, a way of
ใปๆนใใplural marker
ใปๅฝขใใshaped
ใปๅใใtype, model
ใปใใกใtend to, often
ใปใใฟใverging on
ใป้ณๆฅฝๅฎถใปmusicianใปๅฐ้ๅฎถใปspecialistใป่ณๆฌๅฎถใปcapilist
ใปไป้ฑ้ใใปlimited to this weekใปไธๅบฆ้ใใปonly once
ใป่ชญใฟๆนใปhow to readใปway of reading
ใปใใชใๆนใปyouใปๅ
็ๆนใปthe teachers
ใปๅตๅฝขใปegg-shapedใปไธๆฅๆๅฝขใปcresent
ใป็ฎฑๅใปbox typeใปAๅใปtype Aใป1990ๅนดๅใป1990 model
ใปๅฟใใใกใปtend toใป็
ๆฐใใกใปoften get ill
ใปๅคชใใใฟใปverging on obesityใป้ขจ้ชใใฟใปhave a slight cold
Time
Hours
Nanjikan desu ka?How many hours?
ใปไธๆ้ใใichijikan
ใปไบๆ้ใใnijikan
ใปไธๆ้ใใsanjikan
ใปๅๆ้ใใyojikan
ใปไบๆ้ใใgojikan
ใปๅ
ญๆ้ใใrokujikan
ใปไธๆ้ใใshichijikan
ใปๅ
ซๆ้ใใhachijikan
ใปไนๆ้ใใkujikan
ใปๅๆ้ใใjuujikan
ใปๅไธๆ้ใjuuichijikan
ใปๅไบๆ้ใjuunijikan
Minutes
Nanpun desu ka?How many minutes?
ใปไธๅใใippun
ใปไบๅใใnifun
ใปไธๅใใsanpun
ใปๅๅใใyonpun
ใปไบๅใใgofun
ใปๅ
ญๅใใroppun
ใปไธๅใใnanafun
ใปๅ
ซๅใใhappun
ใปไนๅใใkyuufun
ใปๅๅใใjuppun
ใปๅไธๅใjuuichipun
ใปๅไบๅใjuunifun
ใปๅไบๅใjuugofun
ใปไธๅๅใsanjuppun
Seconds
Nanbyou desu ka?How many seconds?
ใปไธ็งใใichibyou
ใปไบ็งใใnibyou
ใปไธ็งใใsanbyou
ใปๅ็งใใyonbyou
ใปไบ็งใใgobyou
ใปๅ
ญ็งใใrokubyou
ใปไธ็งใใnanabyou
ใปๅ
ซ็งใใhachibyou
ใปไน็งใใkyuubyou
ใปๅ็งใใjuubyou
ใปๅไธ็งใjuuichibyou
ใปๅไบ็งใjuunibyou
Time Expression
Nanji desu ka?What time is it
ใป๏ผๆใใใใใใใกใใใใใใใใใ1 o'clock
ใป๏ผๆใใใใใใซใใใใใใใใใใ2 o'clock
ใป๏ผๆใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใใ3 o'clock
ใป๏ผๆ๏ผๅใใใใใใใใตใใใใใใ3:05
ใป๏ผๆๅใใใใใใใใฏใใใใใใใ3:30
ใปๅๅพ๏ผๆ๏ผๅใใใใใใใใใตใใใ3:05 pm
ใปๅๅ๏ผๆ๏ผๅใใใใใใใใใใตใใ3:05 am
ใปใใ๏ผๆใ ใใใIt's 7 o'clock already
ใปใใ๏ผๆใใใ ใIt's already past 7
ใป๏ผๆ้ ใซใญใใใSee you about 7
ใป๏ผๆๅใซใญใใใSee you a liitle before 7
ใป๏ผๆ้ใใซใญใใSee you a little past 7
ใป๏ผๆ๏ผๅๅใใใ5 minutes before 7 o'clock
ใป๏ผๆ๏ผๅ้ใใใ5 minutes past 7 o'clock
ใป๏ผๆใซ็ตใใใใใใใI'll be done at 9:00
ใป๏ผๆใซ็ตใใฃใใใใใI finished at 9:00
ใป๏ผๆใง็ตใใใใใใใIt will be over at 9:00
ใป๏ผๆใพใง็ตใใใใใใIt will be until 9:00
ใป๏ผๆใพใงๅพ
ใกใชใใใใWait till 6:00
ใป๏ผๆใซ่ตทใใใใใใใI woke up at 7:00
ใป๏ผๆใซๅธฐใฃใฆใใใใใI'll be back at 7:00
ใปไปๆฉ๏ผๆใพใงๆใงใใใI'm free until 6:00 this evening
ใปๆฎ้ๅๅพ๏ผ๏ผๆใซๅฏใใI usually go to bed at 11:00pm
Location
Place of existence
Place of existence
ใป้ง
ใฎๅใซใๅบใใใใพใ
ใปใใณใใใผใใซใฎไธใซ็ฝฎใ
ใป็งใฎๅฎถๆใฏ้ฆๆธฏใซใใพใ
ใปๆบใฎไธใซๆฌใใใใพใ
ใป็งใใกใฏๆฑไบฌ้ง
ใฎ่ฟใใซไฝใใงใใพใ
ใปThere is a store in front of the station
ใปPlace the pen on the table
ใปMy family is in Hongkong
ใปThere is a book on my desk
ใปWe live near Tokyo Station
Place of action
Place of action
ใปๅณๆธ้คจใงๅๅผทใใฆใใพใ
ใปๅซ่ถๅบใง่ฉฑใใฆใใพใ
ใปๆ ็ป้คจใงๆ ็ปใ่ฆใฆใใพใ
ใปใฌในใใฉใณใงใฑใผใญใ้ฃในใฆใใพใ
ใปI'm studying in the library
ใปTalking in a coffee shop
ใปWatching a movie at the cinema
ใปEating a cake at a restaurant
Place of destination
Place of destination
ใป็งใฏๆฅๆฌใซ่กใใพใ
ใปใจใผใญใใใซ่กใใใใงใ
ใปๆจๆฅๆฉใๅฎถใซๅธฐใใพใใ
ใปๆฅๆฌใซๆปใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใใ
ใปI'm going to Japan
ใปI want to go to Europe
ใปI went home early yesterday
ใปPlease come back to Japan
Place of direction
Place of direction
ใปใใกใใธใฉใใ
ใปๆฅๆฌใธๆฅใฆใใ ใใ
ใป็งใใกใฏ็ง็ฐ็ใธ่กใใพใ
ใปใใกใใธใ้ฒใฟใใ ใใ
ใปPlease come this way
ใปPlease come to Japan!
ใปWe're going to Akita Prefecture
ใปPlease proceed this way
Relative Position
ใป็ฎฑใฎไธญใใใใใใปInside the box
ใป็ฎฑใฎๅคใใใใใใปOutside the box
ใปใใผใใซใฎไธใใใปOn top of the table
ใปใใผใใซใฎไธใใใปUnder the table
ใป้ง
ใฎๅใใใใใใปIn front of the station
ใป้ง
ใฎๅพใใใใใใปBehind the station
ใป้ใฎๅทฆๅดใใใใใปLeft side of the road
ใป้ใฎๅณๅดใใใใใปRight side of the road
ใป็ฎฑใฎไธญใฎ็ซใฏ็ ใฃใฆใใใใปThe cat inside the box is asleep
ใปๅฑฑใฎไธใฎๆไผใ็พใใใใใปThe church on top of the mountain is beautiful
ใป้ฃใฎๅธญใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใ็พใใใใปThe girl sitting next to me is beautiful
ใป่กจใใใใใใใfront
ใป่ฃใใใใใใใback
ใปไธญๅคฎใใใใใใcenter
ใป้่ทฏใฎ็ซฏใใใใroad edge/shoulder
ใป้จๅฑใฎ้
ใใใใroom center
ใปๅฅฅใใใใใใใback/inner/depth
ใปๅบใใใใใใใbottom
ใปๆญฃ้ขใใใใใใfront
ใปๅใใใฎๅฎถใใใhouse opposite
ใปๆใใใใใใใdiagonal
ใปๆใใซๅใใใใcut diagonal
ใป้ฃใฎๅธญใใใใใseat next to
ใปๆๅใใใใใใbefore/this side of
ใปๅ
ใใใใใใใahead/beyond
ใป่พบใใใใใใใvicinity
ใปๅดใใใใใใใside
ใปๅ
ฌๅใฎๅจใใใใaround the park
ใปๅจ่พบใฎ็ฐๅขใใใsurrounding environment
ใปๅใๆนๅใใใใsame direction
ใป้ใฎๆนๅใใใใopposite direction
ใปๅใใใใใใใdirection/orientation
ใปๅณๅใใใใใใfacing right
ใปๅๅใใใใใใfacing south
ใปๅใใๅคใใใใchange direction
ใปไบคๅทฎ็นใใใใใintersection
ใปๅ่งใใใใใใcrossroads, street corner
ใปๆญฉ้ใใใใใใsidewalk
ใปๆจชๆญๆญฉ้ใใใใpedestrian crossing
ใป่ป้ใใใใใใroad
ใป็ชใๅฝใใใใใend of the road
ใป่ธๅใใใใใใrailroad crossing
ใปๆจชๅใใใใใใto cross
ใปๆฒฟใฃใฆใใใใใto follow
ใป้ใซ่ฟทใใใใใto get lost
ๅใใ: โbeyondโ or โother sideโ
ใปๆตทใฏๆจใฎๅใใใงใ
ใปThe ocean is beyond the trees
ใกใใ: โnearโ or โcloseโ
ใปใใฎใใฃใใใฏใใใฎใกใใใงใ
ใปThat school is near the house
ใจใชใ: โnextโ or โbesideโ
ใปใใใฎใจใชใใฏใใใใใใงใ
ใปNext door to the house is the church
ใใฐ๏ผโnearโ or โbesideโ
ใปใใใฎใใฐใซๅทใใใใพใ
ใปThere is a river near the house
ใใ๏ผโbesideโ
ใปใใใฎใใใซใงใใกใ
ใใใใใพใ
ใปThere is a utility pole beside the house
ๅๅฏพๅด๏ผโother sideโ or โopposite sideโ
ใป้่ทฏใฎๅๅฏพๅดใซใๅบใใใใพใ
ใปThe store is on the other side of the road



