Introduction

Foreword

This is a collection of notes taken from different books and online reference materials related to Japanese learning. The aim of this collection is to give an idea on how start learning the language and to be able to progress at some level.


Disclaimer

In any doubts please do a cross-reference from other resources.


Version

Version ๐Ÿ†….2.1


Scripts

There are 3 writing system used in Japanese namely the Kanji, Hiragana and the Katakana scripts.

Hiragana

Hiragana is a phonetic script used to represent Japanese sound.


Katakana

Katakana is a phonetic script used to represent Foreign loan words.


Kanji

Kanji was based on Chinese characters which represents a word and a meaning.

L5


L4


L3


L2


L1


Structure

Core

The Core elements of a sentence are the Main Carriage and Engine elements.

Initial carriage were introduced here as it sets the initial mood of the sentence which makes you sound more natural and not so boring. It also links up to the previous sentence or statement.

โ‘ ใ€€Initial Carriage

Provides initial or introductory information about the sentence
Includes the initial conjunctions, adverbial expressions, initial dependent clauses, etc

โ‘กใ€€Main Carriage

Describes the subject of the sentence
Provides supplementary details about the engine on what action it does or the current state it is in
Includes the subject, object, modifiers, adverbs, etc

โ‘ขใ€€Engine

The driving force of the sentence
It does tell the kind of sentence on whether it is a nominal, adjectival, or verbal sentence 
Includes either a verb, an adjective, a noun or noun phrase plus copula, auxiliaries, particles, etc


Basic

Introduction of A - Main Carriage and B - Engine.

โ‘ ใ€€Verbal Sentence Verb as the engine

B describes the action/state of A
ใƒปA does B  
ใƒป่Šฑๅญใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใŸ  
ใƒปHanako-san ga kita  
ใƒปHanako came  

โ‘กใ€€Adjectival Sentence I-Adjective as the engine

B describes A
ใƒปA is B 
ใƒป็ฉบใŒ้’ใ„ 
ใƒปSora ga aoi 
ใƒปThe sky is blue 

โ‘ขใ€€Adjectival Sentence Na-Adjective (Adjectival Noun) as the engine

B describes A
ใƒปA is B + Copula 
ใƒปๅœฐไธ‹้‰„ใŒไพฟๅˆฉใ  
ใƒปChikatetsu ga benri da 
ใƒปThe subway is convenient 

โ‘ฃใ€€Nominal Sentence Noun as the engine

B defines/identifies/describes A
ใƒปA is B + Copula
ใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใŒใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใ˜ใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒปJohn-san ga amerika-jin desu
ใƒปJohn is an American
โ€˜daใƒปdesuโ€™ - copula

Compound

Compound sentences usually involves two or more simple sentences or clauses conjoined by conjunctions or connective form of verbs, adjectives or a copula. Compound sentences are usually connected through AND or BUT relation.

โ‘ ใ€€AND-Relation Connective forms of verbs, adjectives and copula

โšญใ€€Sentence(I-Adj-Ending) + kute + Sentence
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่พžๆ›ธใฏๅฎ‰ใใฆไพฟๅˆฉใ 
ใƒปThis dictionary is cheap and convenient
โšญใ€€Sentence(Na-Adj-Ending) + de + Sentence
ใƒปใ‚Šใชใ•ใ‚“ใฏใใ‚Œใ„ใงใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปRina-san is beautiful and kind
โšญใ€€Sentence(Noun-Ending) + de + Sentence
ใƒปใ‚ฆใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใฏไธญๅ›ฝไบบใงใ‚ญใƒ ใ•ใ‚“ใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝไบบใงใ™ 
ใƒปMr.Wong is Chinese and Mr. Kim is Korean
โšญใ€€Sentence(Vnoun-base-Ending) + Sentence
ใƒป็งใฏๆœๅ…ญๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใใ€ๅคœๅๆ™‚ใ”ใ‚ๅฏใ‚‹
ใƒปI get up at six in the morning and go to bed around ten at night
โšญใ€€Sentence(Vte-Ending) + Sentence
ใƒปๅฑฑ็”ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏใƒฉใƒกใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€
ใƒปYamada-san eats ramen and drinks beer

โ‘กใ€€AND-Relation Conjunctive Particles

โšญใ€€Sentence(V/I-Adj/(N/Na-Adj+Cop)-Ending) + shi + Sentence
ใƒปใ“ใฎไบ‹ไปถใฏใปใผ็ต‚ๆฏใ—ใŸใ—ไบŒๅบฆใจ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใฏๅคงใใ„ใ—ใญใ ใ‚“ใ‚‚ๆ‰‹้ ƒใ ใ—ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปThis incident has more or less ended and will never happen again
ใƒปThis bag is large and the price is reasonable and so it's good
โ€˜shiโ€™ particle - connects one or multiple reasons but not naming all of it

โ‘ขใ€€BUT-Relation Conjunctive Particles / Conjunctions

โšญใ€€Sentence + ga + Sentence
ใƒปๅฎถๅ†…ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใŒ็งใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใชใ„
ใƒปMy wife can speak French but I can't
โšญใ€€Sentence + kedo + Sentence
ใƒปๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ‘ใฉใ—ใšใ‹ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใญ
ใƒปYou can come in but please be quiet
โšญใ€€Sentence + keredomo + Sentence
ใƒปใ‚ใใณใŸใ„ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ๅฎฟ้กŒใฏใพใ ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใชใ„
ใƒปI want to play but I haven't finished my homework yet

Complex

Complex sentences usually include any of the following items below.
A more detailed explanations will be encountered along the way for each item.

โ‘ ใ€€Relative Clauses

โšญใ€€Relative Clause + Noun
ใƒป็งใŒๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่ฆ‹ใŸๅฑฑ
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ‹ๅญใŒไฝœใฃใŸใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ    
ใƒปThe mountain I saw yesterday
ใƒปThis is the cake Tomoko made

โ‘กใ€€Internal Sentences before โ€˜toiuโ€™

โšญใ€€Noun/Sentence + toiu + Noun
ใƒปๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใจใ„ใ†ๅฑฑ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฏๆ›–ๆ˜งใช่จ€่‘‰ใ ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใฏ็ใ—ใใชใ„    
ใƒปA mountain called Mount Fuji
ใƒปThe idea that Japanese is an ambiguous language is not uncommon

โ‘ขใ€€Internal Sentences before Compound Particles (Pre-Nominal Form)

โšญใ€€Noun/Verb + Compound Particle + Noun
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝผใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใฏ็›ธๅฝ“ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใซใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซๅฝ“ใŸใฃใฆใฎๆณจๆ„ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹    
ใƒปHis knowledge of computers is quite impressive
ใƒปHere's a warning about doing this job

โ‘ฃใ€€Nominalized Sentences

โšญใ€€Sentence + no/koto
ใƒปใ‚ˆใไผ‘ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
ใƒปๅ…‰ๅญใŒใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸ    
ใƒปใฒใ‹ใ‚‹ใ•ใ‚“ใŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ  
ใƒปI need to rest well
ใƒปI heard Mitsuko playing the piano
ใƒปI didn't know Hikaru-san was going to be here today

โ‘คใ€€Embedded Interrogative Sentences

โšญใ€€Sentence + ka + ..
ใƒป่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใŒๅ•้กŒใ 
ใƒปใ„ใคๅธฐใ‚‹ใ‹ใพใ ๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“    
ใƒปIt's just a question of who's going to do it
ใƒปI haven't decided when I'm leaving yet

โ‘ฅใ€€Clauses before Adverbial Forms of Auxiliary Adjectives

โšญใ€€Sentence + you ni/etc
Adverbial forms of Auxiliary Adjectives
ใƒปใฟใ‚“ใชใŒใ‚ˆใ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปUse the microphone so that everyone can hear you well

โ‘ฆใ€€Internal Sentences as Indirect Quotations

โšญใ€€Sentence + toiu
ใƒปๅฑฑ็”ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆผขๅญ—ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปMr. Yamada says kanji is not difficult

โ‘งใ€€Internal Sentences before Compound Particles (Pre-Verbal Form)

โšญใ€€Noun/Verb + ni tsurete/etc
ใƒปไบบใฏๅนดใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆ่จ˜ๆ†ถๅŠ›ใŒ่กฐใˆใ‚‹  
ใƒปAs people get older, their memory declines

โ‘จใ€€Sentence-Initial Dependent Clauses

โšญใ€€Sentence + temo/tara/toki ni/tame ni/etc
Represent such things as condition, time, reason, purpose and manner
ใƒป่ณชๅ•ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚ใ ใพใฃใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๅฐๆž—ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใŸใ‚‰็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„    
ใƒป็งใŒใใ“ใซใ„ใŸๆ™‚ใซใฏ็•ฐๅธธใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒป็งใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ็•™ๅญฆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปIf anyone asks you any questions, please keep quiet
ใƒปLet me know when Mr. Kobayashi gets here
ใƒปThere was nothing unusual when I was there
ใƒปI'm studying Japanese in order to study in Japan

Elements

Intial Carriage

Connectives

Connectives appear at the beginning of an independent sentence and indicate how that sentence relates to the previous sentence.

Types

โ‘  And

ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ Moreover, Nevertheless             
ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ In addition to that                
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ Furthermore, Moreover              
ใใฎใ†ใˆใ€€โ—ฆ In addition                        
ใใ‚Œใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ Besides, In additon, Moreover      
ใพใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ In addition, Too, Also, Likewise   
ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€โ—ฆ And then, After                      
ใใ—ใฆใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ And, And then                         

โ‘ก But

ใงใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ But             
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ But             
ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ใ€€โ—ฆ But, However     

โ‘ข Or

ใพใŸใฏใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ Or, Otherwise     
ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€€โ—ฆ Or, Or else       
ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€€โ—ฆ Or, Either.. or    

โ‘ฃ Cause & Reason, Effect & Result and Situation & Result

ใใ‚Œใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ Thereupon, Because of that, That's why
ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ Thereupon, Hereupon        
ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ So, Therefore              
ใใ“ใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ So, Therefore               
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€€โ—ฆ Therefore, Consequently    
ใใฎใ‘ใฃใ‹ใ€€โ—ฆ As a result of that        
ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€€โ—ฆ Hence, For that reason         

โ‘ค Change the Subject

ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€€โ—ฆ By the way  

โ‘ฅ Reason for Something

ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€€โ—ฆ The reason is  

โ‘ฆ For Example

ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€€โ—ฆ For example    

โ‘ง Paraphrasing

ใคใพใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ That is to say, In other words     
ใ‚ˆใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใ€€โ—ฆ In short, I a word, To sum up 
ใกใชใฟใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ By the way, in this connection, incidentally 

Examples

โ‘  And

ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ๆตใกใ‚‡ใ†ใซ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ ใ‘ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅฐๅฃฐใง่ฉฑใพใ™  
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๆ–™็†ใ‚’ไบŒไบบๅˆ†ใ‚‚้ฃŸในใŸใ€‚ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€้ฃŸๅพŒใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚‚้ฃŸในใŸ   
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฏ้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚ใใฎใ†ใˆๆ€งๆ ผใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„    
ใƒปๅฐๅทใ•ใ‚“ใฏไป•ไบ‹ใŒๆ—ฉใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใซใ€ๆญฃ็ขบใ   
ใƒปใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฏๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ๆŒใก้‹ใณใซใ‚‚ไพฟๅˆฉใ     
ใƒป8ๆ™‚ใพใงๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๅฎฟ้กŒใ†ใŠใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’ใฟใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใŸ    
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏ้ง…ๅ‰ใฎๅ–ซ่Œถๅบ—ใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใใ“ใงๅ‹้”ใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ    
ใƒปShe speaks French. Moreover, she's speaks fluently
ใƒปWe talked for a monment.In addition to that we did it in a low voice
ใƒปHe ate two portions of food. Furthermore, he had an after-dinner cake
ใƒปHe's a smart guy. In addition, he's got a great personality
ใƒปMr. Ogawa is a fast worker. In addition, he's accurate
ใƒปLaptops do not take up much space. Likewise, they are convenient to carry around
ใƒปI worked on my Japanese homework until 8 o'clock. And then, I went out to see a movie
ใƒปI went to a coffee shop in front of the station. And there I was waiting for my friend

โ‘ก But

ใƒปๅฝผใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ€ใ„ใ„่ปŠใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใซไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ„
ใƒปๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—่ฟ”ไบ‹ใฏใ“ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒปไบŒๆ™‚้–“ๅพ…ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ใ€ไธ€้ƒŽใฏๅงฟใ‚’็พใ•ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒปHe has a fine new car. But he almost never drives it
ใƒปI sent a letter. But no reply came
ใƒปI have waited for 2 hours. However Ichiro did not show up

โ‘ข Or

ใƒปๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ปŠใง่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใง่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹    
ใƒปใ“ใฎ็ตตใฏๅฝผใŒๆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฒทใฃใฆๆฅใŸใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹    
ใƒปEither write a letter or make a phone call
ใƒปwill you go by car? Or will you go by plane?
ใƒปDid he draw this painting? Or did he buy it from somewhere

โ‘ฃ Cause & Reason, Effect & Result and Situation & Result

ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏไบฌ้ƒฝใธๅ‡บๅผตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใ†ใกใซใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒป็งใŒๅˆฅใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ†ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅฝผๅฅณ้›จใฏๆณฃใๅ‡บใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใคใ€‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ—ฅๆœฌใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹    
ใƒปใŠใ˜ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅคงๅญฆๅ’ๆฅญใฎๆ—ฅใ€‚3000ใƒ‰ใƒซใใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ๅƒ•ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่กŒใใ“ใจใซใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปๅ…ˆๅญฆๆœŸใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆˆ็ธพใ‚‚ๆ‚ชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒปๅฝผใฏ้…ใ่ตทใใŸใ€‚ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใ‚ŠๆใชใฃใŸ    
ใƒปใใ—ใฆๆฌกใฏ็งใฎ็•ชใงใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปYesterday, I was in Kyoto on business trip. That's why I wasn't at home
ใƒปI told her that we should break up. Thereupon, she started to cry
ใƒปIf we study Japanese, it will be useful. So, I am studying Japanese
ใƒปMy granfather gave me 3000 dollars on my graduation day. So I decided to go to Japan
ใƒปLast semester, I didn't study much. So my grades were bad
ใƒปHe got up late. As a result of that, he missed the bus
ใƒปThen it was my turn

โ‘ค Change the Subject

ใƒปใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ˜ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ƒ็ฅž็คพใ‚’ใ—็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
ใƒปBy the way, do you know what a Shinto shrine is

โ‘ฅ Reason for Something

ใƒปใชใœใชใ‚‰ๅฝผใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
ใƒปThe reason is because he was sick

โ‘ฆ For Example

ใƒปไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ๅ›ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปFor example, do you like English?

โ‘ง Paraphrasing

ใƒป้‡‘ใŒใชใ„ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ฒงไนใชใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒป่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹    
ใƒป็ตๅฑ€ใฏ้‡‘ใฎๅ•้กŒใ     
ใƒปใกใชใฟใซใ€่จ€ใ‚ใชใใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉใ•
ใƒปI don't have money. In other words, I am poor
ใƒปIn a word, they are mistaken
ใƒปIn the end, it's a question of money
ใƒปBy the way, there's something I should tell you

Adverbial Expressions

Adverbial Expressions usually appears in the beginning of a sentence

โ‘ ใ€€ใ‚ใ„ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš

as usual โ—ฆ as always
ใƒป็›ธๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšๅฝผใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใงใƒฉใƒณใƒใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปAs always, he is eating lunch at the park

โ‘ก ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚

by any means โ—ฆ reason
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใผใ†ใ„ใฏใƒใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปFor any reason, the bellboy would not accept a tip

โ‘ข ใ‘ใฃใใ‚‡ใ

after all โ—ฆ in the end
ใƒปใ‘ใฃใใ‚‡ใใ ใ‚Œใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปIn the end, it wasnโ€™t understood by anyone

โ‘ฃ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“

of course
ใƒปใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใฟใ‚“ใชใซไผใˆใฆใŠใใพใ™
ใƒปOf course, I will inform everyone

โ‘ค ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰

perhaps โ—ฆ it may be that
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ๆฅใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปPerhaps, he might not come for all we know

โ‘ฅ ใชใ‚“ใฆ ๏ผ‹ adjective

how โ—ฆ what (exclamatory)
ใƒปใชใ‚“ใฆๅฏๆ„›ใ„ๅญไพ›ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปWhat a cute child he is!

โ‘ฆ ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉ

indeed โ—ฆ thatโ€™s right
ใƒปใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใ„ใ„่จˆ็”ปใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปIndeed, it is a good plan

โ‘ง ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ

kindly โ—ฆ with much effort
ใƒปใ›ใฃใ‹ใใŸใ‚ใŸใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใฆๆฎ‹ๅฟตใงใ™
ใƒปWith much effort saving the money, it was used up unfortunately

โ‘จ ใจใซใ‹ใ

anyway
ใƒปใจใซใ‹ใ้…ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปAnyway, since it is late lets go home

โ‘ฉ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใš

for now โ—ฆ fort the time being โ—ฆ first of all โ—ฆ at once
ใƒปๅ–ใ‚Šๆ•ขใˆใš็คพ้•ทใฎ่ฟ”ไบ‹ๅพ…ใกใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปFor the time being, lets wait for presidents reply

โ‘ช ใ‚ใ–ใ‚ใ–

kindly โ—ฆ especially
ใƒปใ‚ใ–ใ‚ใ–ใ“ใ“ใพใงใ”ๆกˆๅ†…ไธ‹ใ•ใฃใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†
ใƒปEspecially guiding me this far, thank you

โ‘ซ ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Š

after all
ใƒปใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šไผš็คพใฎไปฃ็†ไบบใ—ใฆไผš่ญฐใซใ—ใชใใ‚ƒ
ใƒปAfter all, as the companyโ€™s representative

โ‘ฌ ใ‚„ใฃใฑใ‚Š

as expected
ใƒปใ‚„ใฃใฑใ‚ŠๅฝผใŒๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปAs expected, he did not come

Sentential Topic

The topic of a sentence usually appears in the beginning of a sentence and is what the whole sentence is about. It often overlaps with the subject of a sentence, but it can be other parts of speech as well. Topics are marked by wa particle.

ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™
ใƒป้€ฑๆœซใฏ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใพใ™    
ใƒปๆ™ฉใ”้ฃฏใฏใ€ใŸใ„ใฆใ„ใ†ใกใง้ฃŸในใพใ™    
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใฆใ‚‚็„ก้ง„ใ     
ใƒปAs for me, Iโ€™m going out
ใƒปAs for weekends, I go shopping
ใƒปAs for dinner, I usually eat at home
ใƒปWith regards to this problem, it is no use to discuss it further

Sentence Initial Dependent Clause

Initial Dependent Clause usually appears in the beginning of a complex sentence before the main clause.
Represent such things as condition, time, reason, purpose and manner.

ใƒป่ณชๅ•ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚ใ ใพใฃใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๅฐๆž—ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใŸใ‚‰็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„    
ใƒป็งใŒใใ“ใซใ„ใŸๆ™‚ใซใฏ็•ฐๅธธใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒป็งใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ็•™ๅญฆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปIf anyone asks you any questions, please keep quiet
ใƒปLet me know when Mr. Kobayashi gets here
ใƒปThere was nothing unusual when I was there
ใƒปI'm studying Japanese in order to study in Japan

Main Carriage

Subject

The subject of a sentence is the animate or inanimate entity that performs the action or undergoes the process denoted by the verb. If the sentence denotes a state rather than an action, the subject is what the predicate (verb, adjective or copula phrase) describes. Subjects are marked by ga particle.

ใƒปไปŠๅคœใฏๆœˆใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปใ•ใฃใ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆ    
ใƒปThe moon is beautiful tonight
ใƒปMr/Ms Tanaka came just a little while ago

Object

Direct object

Direct objects are nouns and pronouns that are directly affected by the action of the verb. They are usually marked by o particle.

ใƒป็งใฏๅ‹้”ใซใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒปI gave my friend a bottle of wine

Indirect object

Indirect objects are nouns and pronouns to which/whom an action is directed. They are generally marked by ni particle.

ใƒป็งใฏๅ‹้”ใซใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒปI gave my friend a bottle of wine

Particles

Particles are short functional words that are attached to nouns and indicates its grammatical role.

โ‘ ใ€€Case Particles

Short functional words that indicates if the noun is the subject, object, indirect object or as noun modifier
ใŒ โ‡ข Subject         
ใ‚’ โ‡ข Object          
ใซ โ‡ข Indirect Object 
ใฎ โ‡ข Noun Affiliation 
ใƒป็ŒซใŒใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ‰‹ใ‚’ใ•ใ’ใ‚‹    
ใƒป้€ฑๆœซใซใŠใ˜ใ„ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใซไผšใ„ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ‚ˆ    
ใƒปๅธฐใ‚Šใฎๅˆ‡็ฌฆใฏ่ฒทใฃใŸใฎ๏ผŸ   
ใƒปThere is a cat
ใƒปPut your hands down
ใƒปLet's visit my grandpa this weekend
ใƒปDid you buy a return ticket?

โ‘กใ€€Post Position Particles

Short functional words that follows a noun/pronoun expressing concepts such as time, manner, and location
ใง โ‡ข at, in (place of action)
ใง โ‡ข by, with (means)
ใซ โ‡ข at, to, for
ใจ โ‡ข with      
ใธ โ‡ข to        
ใƒปๅฑ…้…’ๅฑ‹ใงใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€
ใƒปๆ–ฐๅนน็ทšใงไบฌ้ƒฝใซ่กŒใ“ใ†    
ใƒปๆ–ฐๅฎฟใซ่กŒใใพใ™    
ใƒปๅฎถๆ—ใจๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใ„ใ
ใƒปๅŒ—ๆตท้“ใธ่กŒใ    
ใƒปDrinking beer at Izakaya
ใƒปLet's go to Kyoto by Shinkansen
ใƒปI'm going to Shinjuku
ใƒปI am ging to the park with my family
ใƒปI'm going to Hokkaido
ใ‹ใ‚‰ โ‡ข from 
ใพใง โ‡ข until
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒใ‚นใฏๅตๅฑฑ้ง…ใพใง่กŒใ    
ใƒปLet's go out from here
ใƒปThis bus goes until Arashiyama Station

โ‘ขใ€€Conjunctive Particles

Short functional words that connect two or more clauses
ใจ โ‡ข and 
ใŒ โ‡ข but 
ใ— โ‡ข and 
ใƒป็งใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใจๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใ‚Šใฏ้ฃฒใ‚€ใŒ้…’ใฏ้ฃฒใพใชใ„   
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใฏใใ‚Œใ„ใ ใ—ๅฅฝใใงใ™    
ใƒปI speak English and Japanese
ใƒปI drink beer but but don't drink sake
ใƒปJapan is clean and so I like it
ใ‘ใฉ โ‡ข but      
ใ‹ใ‚‰ โ‡ข because  
ใฎใซ โ‡ข although 
ใƒป็”ณใ—่จณใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ้•ทๅฑ…ใงใใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒป่ตคใ‚“ๅŠใฏไปŠ็ฉบ่…นใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹    
ใƒปๅฝผใฏ่‹ฅใ„ใฎใซใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใญ    
ใƒปI'm sorry, but I can't stay long
ใƒปThe baby is crying because it's hungry now
ใƒปAlthough he is young, he is responsible 

โ‘ฃใ€€Sentence Final Particles

Short functional words that are attached to the end of an utterance and convey various speaker sentiments and attitudes
ใญ โ‡ข confirmation, agreement               
ใ‚ˆ โ‡ข conviction, assertion                 
ใ‚ˆ โ‡ข soften warning, command, request      
ใ‹ โ‡ข interrogative                         
ใ‚ โ‡ข weak assertive, volition              
ใž โ‡ข unswayed judgement, indicates command 
ใœ โ‡ข unswayed judgement                    
ใ• โ‡ข mark assertion, surprise               
ใฎ โ‡ข informal question                     
ใƒป่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใญ
ใƒปใจใฆใ‚‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ    
ใƒป่ชญใ‚ใ‚ˆ    
ใƒป่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹    
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฏใกใ•ใ„ใ‚    
ใƒปใ„ใใž   
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ญšๆ—จใ„ใœ    
ใƒปๅƒ•ใ‚‚ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใ•
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ   
ใƒปPlease read it
ใƒปIt's very interesting
ใƒปRead it
ใƒปAre you going?
ใƒปThis room is small
ใƒปLetโ€™s go
ใƒปThis fish is tasty
ใƒปI can also speak Japanese
ใƒปUnderstand?

Demonstratives

Demonstratives are words that indicate entities to which a speaker is referring.

ko

kore thisใƒปthis one
korera theseใƒปthese ones
kono (+noun) this (noun)
koko hereใƒปthis place
kochira this wayใƒปthis direction
kouiu (+noun) suchใƒปthis sort ofใƒปlike this (noun)
konna (+noun) suchใƒปthis sort ofใƒปlike thisใƒปthis kind of (noun)
konoyouna (+noun) suchใƒปthis sort ofใƒปlike thisใƒปthis kind of (noun)
konnani this (much)ใƒปto this degreeใƒปlike thisใƒปin this way
konoyouni in this mannerใƒปin this wayใƒปlike this
kou in this wayใƒปthusใƒปsuch

ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œ
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒšใƒณใฏ่ชฐใฎใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้›จใฎไธญใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆถˆใˆใฆใใ‚Œ
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใŒ็งใฎ้€šใฃใŸๅญฆๆ กใ 
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใพใงใฏ่ฟฝใฃใฆใ“ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปใ“ใกใ‚‰ใธใฉใ†ใž
ใƒปใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ
ใƒปใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซใ‚„ใ‚‹ใจใ†ใพใใ„ใใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใ“ใ‚“ใชๅคง้›ชใฏ็ใ—ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใ‚“ใชๆฐ—ๆŒใกใซใชใฃใŸใฎใฏๅˆใ‚ใฆใ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่ฉฑใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใง่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ˜”ใฎๅคใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชใซๆš‘ใใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฑฑๆ‰‹็ทšใŒใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ็ใ—ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚„ใฃใฆใ”ใ‚‰ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„
ใƒปใƒฉใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใฏใ“ใ†ๆŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ„ใ„ใ‹ใ„, ่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธใซใ“ใ†ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปThis is a book
ใƒปLook at this
ใƒปWhose pen is this?
ใƒปHave you walked in this rain?
ใƒปGet out of here
ใƒปThis is the school I went to
ใƒปThey won't follow us this far
ใƒปThis way, please
ใƒปPlease turn around
ใƒปThings like this
ใƒปIf you do it like this, it works
ใƒปSuch heavy snow is rare
ใƒปI've never felt like this before
ใƒปI've heard stories like this somewhere before
ใƒปIt wasn't always this hot in the summer
ใƒปIt's rare for the Yamanote Line to be this late
ใƒปTry it this way
ใƒปHold your racquet like this
ใƒปListen! This is what it says in the explanation

so

sore thatใƒปthat one
sorera thoseใƒปthose ones
sono (+noun) that (noun)
soko thereใƒปthat place
sochira that wayใƒปthat direction
souiu (+noun) suchใƒปthat sort ofใƒปlike that (noun)
sonna (+noun) suchใƒปthat sort ofใƒปlike thatใƒปthat kind of (noun)
sonoyouna (+noun) suchใƒปthat sort ofใƒปlike thatใƒปthat kind of (noun)
sonnani that (much)ใƒปto that degreeใƒปlike thatใƒปin that way
sonoyouni in that mannerใƒปin that wayใƒปlike that
sou in that wayใƒปthusใƒปsuch

ใƒปใใ‚Œไปฅๅ‰
ใƒปใใ‚ŒไปฅๅพŒ
ใƒปใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅพŒใง่ฟฐในใ‚‹
ใƒปใใฎๆ„ๆฐ—ใ 
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏๅƒ•ใŒใชใใ—ใŸใใฎๆ™‚่จˆใ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใใ“ใŒๅ›ฐใฃใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใชใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ…ˆใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„
ใƒปใใ“ใพใงใฏ่€ƒใˆใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใใกใ‚‰ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปไปŠใ‹ใ‚‰ใใกใ‚‰ใธไผบใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใใกใ‚‰ใฎๆง˜ๅญใฏใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใใ†ใ„ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใซใฏ
ใƒป่‹ฅ่€…ใซใฏๆ™‚ใ€…ใใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉ
ใƒปใใ†ใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใ•
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰่ชค่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใใ‚“ใช่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒใคใใฅใใ„ใ‚„ใซใชใ‚‹
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใซไฝฟใฃใŸใฎใ‹
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใซๅฏ’ใใชใ„
ใƒปใปใ‚“ใจใซใใ†ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใใ†่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจ
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ.ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปใใ†่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚Œใฐใใ‚“ใชๆฐ—ใŒใ—ใฆใใŸ
ใƒปBefore that
ใƒปAfter that
ใƒปWe'll talk about that later
ใƒปThat's the spirit!
ใƒปIt was that watch I lost
ใƒปThat's where the trouble lies
ใƒปYou don't have to tell me where to go from there
ใƒปI didn't think that far ahead
ใƒปPlease show me that
ใƒปI'm on my way there now
ใƒปHow are things going over there?
ใƒปIn that case
ใƒปI mean, that's what happens sometimes with young people
ใƒปThat's how it is
ใƒปYou'll be misunderstood if you say that
ใƒปI hate myself for that.
ใƒปI didn't mean it like that
ใƒปYou've spent that much?
ใƒปIt's not that cold
ใƒปIs it really so?
ใƒปWhen you think about it
ใƒปI understand. I will do that
ใƒปThat's what I thought when you said that

a

are thereใƒปthat one there
arera thoseใƒปthose over there
ano (+noun) that (noun) over there
asoko over thereใƒปthat place there
achira that wayใƒปthat direction
auiu (+noun) suchใƒปthat sort ofใƒปlike that (noun)
anna (+noun) suchใƒปthat sort ofใƒปlike thatใƒปthat kind of (noun)
anoyouna (+noun) suchใƒปthat sort ofใƒปlike thatใƒปthat kind of (noun)
annani that (much)ใƒปto that degreeใƒปlike thatใƒปin that way
anoyouni in that mannerใƒปin that wayใƒปlike that
aa in that wayใƒปthusใƒปsuch

ใƒปใ‚ใ‚ŒใŒไปŠๅบฆใฎๅธ‚้•ทใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใฎ้Ÿณใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅฑฑใฏไฝ•ใจใ„ใ†ๅฑฑใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅพŒใšใฃใจ
ใƒปใ‚ใฎ่ฉฑใฏใฉใ†ใชใฃใฆใ‚‹?
ใƒปใ‚ใใ“ใพใง็ซถ่ตฐใ—ใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปใ‚ใใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณๅฑ‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ใ†
ใƒปๆ™ฎ้€šใ‚ใใ“ใพใง่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ๅฑฑ
ใƒปใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใŒๆ–ฐ่ฃฝๅ“ใงใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใฎๆฐ—ๅ€™ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŽณใ—ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚“ใชๆญฃ็›ดใชไบบ
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚“ใช็พŽใ—ใ„็ตต
ใƒป็งใฏใ‚ใ‚“ใชใซๅ‰ใ„ไบบใฏ่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„
ใƒปThat's the new mayor
ใƒปWhat was that sound?
ใƒปWhat is that?
ใƒปWhat is that mountain called?
ใƒปAfter all that time
ใƒปWhat's that story?
ใƒปLet's race up there!
ใƒปLet's go to that noodle shop
ใƒปThey don't usually say that much.
ใƒปThe mountain you can see over there
ใƒปThat's the new product!
ใƒปThe climate there is harsher than in Japan
ใƒปSuch an honest man
ใƒปSuch a beautiful picture
ใƒปI've never seen anyone that so great in my life

do

dore whichใƒปwhich one
dorera whichใƒปwhich ones
dono (+noun) which (noun)
doko whereใƒปwhat place
dochira which wayใƒปwhich directionใƒปwhich one
douiu (+noun) such whatใƒปwhat sort ofใƒปlike what (noun)
donna (+noun) such whatใƒปwhat sort ofใƒปlike whatใƒปwhat kind of (noun)
donoyouna (+noun) such whatใƒปwhat sort ofใƒปlike whatใƒปwhat kind of (noun)
donnani how (much)ใƒปto what degreeใƒปlike whatใƒปin what wayใƒปno matter how
donoyouni howใƒปin what mannerใƒปin what wayใƒปlike what
dou in what wayใƒป how aboutใƒปhowใƒปno matter how

ใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒƒใ‚ญใฏใ€ๅคงใ€ไธญใ€ๅฐใฎใฉใ‚ŒใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใฏใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใƒƒใ‚ญใจใƒœใƒˆใƒซใจใฉใฃใกใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใฎ่ปŠใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎ
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅฏพๆˆฆ็›ธๆ‰‹ใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใกใ‚‰ใธใŠๅ‡บใงใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅ…‰ใจ้Ÿณใจใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ้€Ÿใ„ใ‹
ใƒปใŠๅ›ฝใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ‹?
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ„ใ†้ขจใซ
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ„ใ†่จณใง
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†่จณใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ„ใฃใŸใ„ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ?
ใƒปใใฎไบบใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ€งๆ ผใฎไบบใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใ‚“ใชไบบใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใฉใ‚“ใชๅ…ทๅˆใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใซใฉใ‚“ใชๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใพใ›ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใ‚“ใชใซ้‡‘ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚
ใƒปใฉใ‚“ใชใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ‚‚
ใƒปใฉใ†ใชใ•ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ—ใŸใฎ
ใƒปใฉใ†่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใ‚‚
ใƒปใฉใ†่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใ‚‚ใใ‚ŒใฏใŠใ‹ใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปWhich one do you like a large, medium or small mug?
ใƒปWhich one do you prefer a mug of beer or a bottle?
ใƒปWhich car would you like to buy?
ใƒปWhich room would you like?
ใƒปWhere do you come from?
ใƒปWhere do you come from today?
ใƒปWhere are the opponents?
ใƒปWhere are you going?
ใƒปWhich is faster, light or sound?
ใƒปWhere is your country?
ใƒปIn what way?
ใƒปFor what reason?
ใƒปWhat is the reason?
ใƒปWhat is this all about?
ใƒปWhat kind of person is he?
ใƒปWhat kind of person are you?
ใƒปHow are you feeling today?
ใƒปWhat books should I read to my child?
ใƒปNo matter how much money you have
ใƒปNo matter how much you study
ใƒปHow can I help you?
ใƒปWhat's the matter?
ใƒปNo matter how you look at it
ใƒปNo matter how you look at it, that's not right

Nouns

Noun

Nouns are words which denote people, animals, places, things, or concepts.

Japanese nouns doesnโ€™t conjugate it change itโ€™s form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.

Forms

Noun (Plain Form - Non Past)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana da
Noun (Polite Form - Non Past)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana desu
Noun (Plain Form - Past)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana datta
Noun (Polite Form - Past)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana deshita
Noun (Plain Form - Negative)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana ja nai
Noun (Polite Form - Negative)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana dewa nai
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana dewa arimasen
Noun (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana ja nakatta
Noun (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana dewa nakatta
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana dewa arimasen deshita
Noun (Connective Form)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana de
Noun(Connective Form - Negative)
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana ja nakute
ใƒปhana  โ‡ข   hana dewa nakute

Pro-Nouns

A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun or noun phrase.

โ‘ ใ€€First Person

็งใ€€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI,me 
ๅƒ•ใ€€ใผใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI,me (M)
ไฟบใ€€ใŠใ‚Œใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI,me (M)
็งใ€€ใ‚ใŸใใ—ใ€€ใƒปI,me
็งใ€€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI,me (F)  

โ‘กใ€€Second Person

ใ‚ใชใŸใ€€ใ€€ใƒปyou 
ใใฟใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปyou  

โ‘ขใ€€Third Person

ๅฝผใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ‹ใ‚Œใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปhe,him   
ๅฝผๅฅณใ€€ใ€€ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡ใ€€ใƒปshe,her  
ใ‚ใฎไบบใ€€ใ‚ใฎใฒใจใ€€ใƒปhe,she,that person 

Noun-Phrase

A noun phrase is a modified noun.
A word or groups of words that modifies a noun comes before the noun.

โ‘ ใ€€Demonstratives + Noun Referencing a noun

โšญใ€€kono/sono/ano/dono + Noun โ†’ this/that/which Noun
โšญใ€€kouiu/souiu/auiu/douiu + Noun โ†’ this/that/what kind of Noun
โšญใ€€konna/sonna/anna/donna + Noun โ†’ this/that/what kind of Noun
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆœฌ
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿ
ใƒปใ“ใ‚“ใช่พžๆ›ธ
ใƒปใใฎๆ™‚
ใƒปThis book
ใƒปThat student
ใƒปThis kind of dictionary
ใƒปAt that time

โ‘กใ€€Specialized Noun modifying words Characterize a noun

โšญใ€€arayuru + Noun โ†’ every possible Noun
โšญใ€€iwayuru + Noun โ†’ so-called Noun
โšญใ€€onaji + Noun โ†’ the same Noun
โšญใ€€saru + Noun โ†’ the past/last Noun
ใƒป็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ„ใ‚ใ‚†ใ‚‹็ซ‹ๆดพใช็ดณๅฃซใ 
ใƒปๅŒใ˜ๅนดใฎๅคซใจใฏไธ‰ๅ††ๅ‰ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ•ใ‚‹ๅ…ญๆœˆใซ็งใฎๅง‰ใฏ้ซ˜ๆ กใฎๆ•™ๅธซใจ็ตๅฉšใ—ใŸ
ใƒปWe have talked about all possible problems
ใƒปHe's what we call a fine gentleman
ใƒปShe met her husband of the same age three yen ago
ใƒปIn June last year my sister married a high school teacher

โ‘ขใ€€Noun + Noun Affiliation/Characterization/Apposition

โšญใ€€Noun1 + no + Noun2 โ†’ Noun1โ€™s Noun2/Noun2 of Noun1
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๅฑฑ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๆ”ฟๆฒป
ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ่‹ฅ่€…
ใƒป3ๆ™‚ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใฎๅฎถใฎไธปไบบ
ใƒปๆฑไบฌใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„
ใƒปMountains of Japan
ใƒปJapan's politics
ใƒปToday's youth
ใƒปCatching the 3 o'clock train
ใƒปThe owner of this house
ใƒปFlats in Tokyo are very expensive

โ‘ฃใ€€Pronoun + Noun Possessing a noun

โšญใ€€watashi/boku/ore + no + Noun โ†’ my Noun
โšญใ€€watashitachi + no + Noun โ†’ our Noun
โšญใ€€anata/kimi + no + Noun โ†’ your Noun
ใƒป็งใฎ่ปŠ
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ท็‰ฉ
ใƒป็งใŸใกใฎๅฎถ
ใƒปMy car
ใƒปYour luggage
ใƒปOur home

โ‘คใ€€Adjective(Proper) + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€I-Adjective + Noun
ใƒป้ซ˜ใ„ๅฑฑ
ใƒปๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไฝ“้จ“
ใƒปๅคใ„ๅฎถๅฑ‹
ใƒปHigh mountains
ใƒปNew experiences
ใƒปOld houses

โ‘ฅใ€€Adjective(Adjectival Noun) + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€Na-Adjective + na + Noun
ใƒปใใ‚Œใ„ใชๅฑฑ
ใƒป้™ใ‹ใชๆœ
ใƒปๆŸ”่ปŸใช็™บๆƒณ
ใƒปๅคงๅค‰ใชๅ•้กŒ
ใƒปBeautiful mountains
ใƒปA quiet morning
ใƒปFlexible thinking
ใƒปA serious problem

โ‘ฆใ€€Adjective(Converted Adjectival Noun) + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€Converted-Na-Adjective + (na) + Noun
ใƒป็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ใชๅผทใ•
ใƒป็†ๆƒณ็š„ใช็”ทๆ€ง
ใƒปๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ๅ•้กŒ
ใƒป็คพไผš็š„่ฒฌไปป
ใƒปMental strength
ใƒปThe ideal man
ใƒปPolitical issues
ใƒปSocial Responsibility

โ‘งใ€€Adjective(No Adjective) + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€No-Adjective + no + Noun
ใƒปใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ฏใฎใƒ•ใƒฉใƒŸใƒณใ‚ด
ใƒป็”Ÿใฎใ‚ญใƒŽใ‚ณ
ใƒปๅ…ฌใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸ
ใƒป่ฃธใฎ็œŸๅฎŸ
ใƒปๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎ่ฉฑ
ใƒปๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†
ใƒปๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ‡บ็พ
ใƒปPink flamingos
ใƒปRaw mushrooms
ใƒปPublic facts
ใƒปThe naked truth
ใƒปThe real story
ใƒปThe last part
ใƒปFirst appearance

โ‘จใ€€Adjective(No AdjectiveใƒปAdjective-StemใƒปAdverbial Noun) + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€No-Adjective + no + Noun
ใƒป่ฟ‘ใใฎใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผ 
ใƒป้ ใใฎ็”บ
ใƒปๅคšใใฎๆฉŸ็จฎ
ใƒปNearby supermarkets
ใƒปA far away town 
ใƒปMany models

โ‘ฉใ€€Number + Counter + Noun Characterizing a Noun

โšญใ€€Number + Counter + no + Noun
ใƒปไธ€ใคใฎๅœฐๅŸŸ
ใƒปใƒฌใƒณใ‚บไธ€ๆžšใฎไพกๆ ผ
ใƒปOne region
ใƒปPrice per lens

โ‘ชใ€€Adverb + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€Adverb-te + no + Noun
ใƒปๅ…จใฆใฎ่ฆๅˆถ
ใƒปใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใฎไฝๅฑ…
ใƒป็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใฆๅˆใ‚ใฆใฎไฝ“้จ“ใ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปAll regulations
ใƒปYour first home
ใƒปIt was the first time in my life

โ‘ชใ€€Adverb + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€Adverb + (to) + shita + Noun
ใƒปใตใจใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฏบๅฑฑไฟฎๅธใ‚’ใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ—ใ‚ƒใใฃใจใ—ใŸๆญฏใ”ใŸใˆใฏๆš‘ใ„ๅคใซใ‚‚ๅ‘ใ
ใƒปๆผ ใจใ—ใŸไธๅฎ‰ใซ่ฅฒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปBy chance I got to know Shuji Terayama
ใƒปThe crunchy texture is ideal for hot summer days
ใƒปI get vague anxiety

โ‘ซ Onomatope + Noun (Onomatope as Noun Modifier) Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€Onomatope + no/na + Noun
ใƒปใƒ”ใ‚ซใƒ”ใ‚ซใฎ้ด
ใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚ตใƒ‘ใ‚ตใฎ้ซช
ใƒปใ‚คใƒฉใ‚คใƒฉใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใก
ใƒปใ‚ใคใ‚ใคใฎ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉ
ใƒปShiny shoes
ใƒปDry hair
ใƒปFeelings of frustration
ใƒปHot food

โ‘ฌ Noun + Particle + Noun Referencing a Noun

โšญใ€€Noun + Particle + no + Noun
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ‰‹็ด™
ใƒปๅ›ณๆ›ธๅŒ–ใงใฎๅ‹‰ๅผท
ใƒป้ง…ใพใงใฎใƒใ‚น
ใƒปLetter from the teacher
ใƒปStudy in the library
ใƒปBus to the station

โ‘ญใ€€Noun + Adjective/Verb + Noun Describing a Noun

โšญใ€€Noun + ga/no + Adjective/Verb + Noun
ใƒป้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ไบบ
ใƒปใ„ใ„ๅŒ‚ใ„ใŒใ™ใ‚‹้ญš
ใƒป่ชฌๅพ—ๅŠ›ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒผใƒใซใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒป่ƒŒใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ๅฅณๆ€งใŒๅคšใใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฏพๅฟœใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎ
ใƒปA smart person
ใƒปA fish that smells good
ใƒปHe'll be a very convincing coach
ใƒปA response to the growing number of taller women

โ‘ฎใ€€Relative Clause + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun

โšญใ€€Vta + Noun
ใƒป้กŒใ—ใŸไฝœๅ“
ใƒป็™บ้”ใ—ใŸ็ญ‹่‚‰
ใƒปๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ—ใŸ็”Ÿๆดป
ใƒป็งใŒๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่ฆ‹ใŸๅฑฑ
ใƒป่‡ช็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ่จผๅˆธไผš็คพใฏ่‚ฒใŸใชใ„
ใƒปA entitled work
ใƒปDeveloping muscles
ใƒปA stable life
ใƒปThe mountain I saw yesterday
ใƒปNo independent brokerage firm can grow

โ‘ฏใ€€Internal sentences before compound particles (pre-nominal form) + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun

โšญใ€€Noun/Verb + Compound Particle + Noun
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžๆ–‡ๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ซ–ๆ–‡
ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซๅฝ“ใŸใฃใฆใฎๆณจๆ„
ใƒป้ธๆ‰‹ใจใ—ใฆใฎ็ตŒๆญดใฏใ™ใ”ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅคง่‡ฃใฎ่€ƒใˆใฏ
ใƒปArticles in relation Japanese grammar
ใƒปPrecautions for doing this job
ใƒปHis career as a player is incredible
ใƒปThe Minister's thoughts on this are..

โ‘ฐใ€€Adverbial Clause + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun

โšญใ€€Clause-te + no + Noun
ใƒปใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใฃใฆใฎๅ•†ๅฃฒ
ใƒปใ‚ถใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’่ƒŒ่ฒ ใฃใฆใฎใƒ™ใƒˆใƒŠใƒ ไธ€ไบบๆ—…
ใƒปใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚่ฑŠใ‹ใ•ใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใฎ้€ƒ่ตฐใฏ็ถšใ
ใƒปCustomers are our business
ใƒปTraveling alone in Vietnam with a backpack
ใƒปYet the flight to riches continues

โ‘ฑใ€€Noun/Sentence toiu + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun

โšญใ€€Noun/Sentence + toiu + Noun โ†’ Noun named/called/that is Noun/Sentence
ใƒปๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใจใ„ใ†ๅฑฑ
ใƒปใ‚นใ‚บใ‚ญใจใ„ใ†ๅญฆ็”Ÿ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅˆฐ็€ใŒไธ€ๆ—ฅ้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†้€ฃ็ตกใŒๅ…ฅใฃใŸ
ใƒปA mountain called Mt Fuji
ใƒปA student called Suzuki
ใƒปI was informed that her arrival would be delayed by one day

โ‘ฒใ€€Sentence + Nominalizer Converting a sentence to a noun equivalent

โšญใ€€Sentence + koto/no
ใƒปๅ…‰ๅญใŒใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ˆใไผ‘ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™
ใƒปI heard Mitsuko playing the piano
ใƒปYou need to rest well

โ‘ณใ€€Embedded Interrogative Sentences Providing information in relation to a Noun in a form of a question

โšญใ€€Sentence + ka
ใƒป่ชฐใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใŒๅ•้กŒใ 
ใƒป่ชญๆ›ธใŒใ„ใ‹ใซๅคงๅˆ‡ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปIt's just a question of who will do it
ใƒปWe need to teach them how important reading is

ใ‰‘ใ€€Multiple Nouns Connecting Nouns

โšญใ€€noun to noun (to) โ†’ Noun and Noun
โšญใ€€noun ya noun (ya) โ†’ Noun, Noun among others
โšญใ€€noun, noun, noun nado โ†’ Noun, Noun, Noun and etc
โšญใ€€noun toka noun toka โ†’ Noun, Noun and so on
โšญใ€€noun ka noun โ†’ Noun or Noun
โšญใ€€noun, noun matawa noun โ†’ Noun, Noun or Noun
ใƒปใบใ‚“ใจๆœฌ๏ผˆใจ๏ผ‰
ใƒปๅฏฟๅธใ‚„ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใ‚„ใ”้ฃฏ๏ผˆใ‚„๏ผ‰
ใƒปใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ,ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„,ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใชใฉ
ใƒปๅคฉใทใ‚‰ใจใ‹ใ•ใ—ใฟใจใ‹ใ†ใฉใ‚“ใจใ‹
ใƒปใ‚ซใ‚ฟใ‚ซใƒŠใ‹ใฒใ‚‰ใŒใช๏ผˆใ‹๏ผ‰
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž,้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ่ชž,ใพใŸใฏไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž
ใƒปPen and book
ใƒปSushi, ramen and rice
ใƒปUSA, Germany, France, etc.
ใƒปTempura, sashimi, udon...
ใƒปKatakana or Hiragana

Na-Adjectives

Na-Adjectives are adjectival nouns which describes other nouns and pronouns.

Structure

Na-Adjectives doesnโ€™t conjugate it change itโ€™s form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.

Forms

Na-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki da
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki desu
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki datta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki deshita
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki ja nai
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki dewa nai
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki dewa arimasen
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki ja nakatta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki dewa nakatta
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki dewa arimasen deshita
Na-Adj (Connective Form)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki de
Na-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki ja nakute
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki dewa nakute
Na-Adj (Adverbial Form)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki ni
Na-Adj (Adjectival Form)
ใƒปgenki  โ‡ข   genki na

List


I-Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.

Structure

Forms

I-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasui
I-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasui desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Tense)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Tense)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukatta desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukunai
I-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukunai desu
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukuarimasen
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukunakatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukunakatta desu
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukuarimasen deshita
I-Adj.ad (Adverbial Form)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasuku
I-Adj (Connective Form)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukute
I-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukunakute
I-Adj (Conditional Form - ba)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukereba
I-Adj (Conditional Form - tara)
ใƒปyasui  โ‡ข   yasukattara
I-Adj (Root)
ใƒปyasu

List


Adverbs

Adverbs are words that precede and modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even whole clauses.

Structure

โ‘  Adverbs Derivation

Adjective Stem โ‡ข Adverb
ใƒปใ†ใพใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ†ใพใใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ skillfully, well
ใƒปใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚„ใ™ใใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ inexpensively, cheaply
ใƒปใตใ‹ใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใตใ‹ใใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ deeply, intimately
ใƒปใฏใ‚„ใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฏใ‚„ใใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ early, soon, quickly
ใƒปใ™ใ”ใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใ”ใใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ awfully, very, immensely
ใƒปใฟใ˜ใ‹ใ„ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฟใ˜ใ‹ใใ€€โ—ฆ shortly, briefly
ใƒปใใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚ใ—ใใ€€โ—ฆ in detail, fully
Na Adjective โ‡ข Adverb
ใƒปใใ‚Œใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚Œใ„ใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ neatly, carefully
ใƒปใจใในใคใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใจใในใคใซใ€€โ—ฆ speacilly, particularlly
ใƒปใŸใ„ใ›ใคใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŸใ„ใ›ใคใซใ€€โ—ฆ carefully, with great care
No Adjective โ‡ข Adverb
ใƒปใฏใ ใ‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฏใ ใ‹ใงใ€€โ—ฆ nakedly
Onomatope โ‡ข Adverb
ใƒปใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจใ€€โ—ฆ properly, deligently, exactly
ใƒปใƒจใƒœใƒจใƒœใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใƒจใƒœใƒจใƒœใ€€โ—ฆ shaky, unsteadily
ใƒปใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ€€โ—ฆ completely, entirely
ใƒปใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š(ใจ)ใ€€โ—ฆ slowly, leisurely
ใƒปใƒ”ใ‚ซใƒ”ใ‚ซใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใƒ”ใ‚ซใƒ”ใ‚ซ(ใจ)ใ€€โ—ฆ sparkly
ใƒปใตใ‚‰ใตใ‚‰ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใตใ‚‰ใตใ‚‰(ใจ)ใ€€โ—ฆ shaky, unsteadily
Verbs โ‡ข Adverb
ใƒปใฏใ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฏใใ‚ใฆใ€€โ—ฆ first time
ใƒปใใ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚ใ‚ใฆใ€€โ—ฆ extremely, exceedingly
ใƒปใ™ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใใ‚Œใฆใ€€โ—ฆ exceedingly
ใƒป่ฟฝใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฟฝใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ later on, shortly, in due course
Verbs (Duplication) โ‡ข Adverb
ใƒปใŠใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŠใใ‚‹-ใŠใใ‚‹ใ€€โ—ฆ timidly 
ใƒปใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹-ใŒใ‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ in-turn
ใƒปใฟใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฟใ‚‹-ใฟใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ as you look on
Nouns (Adverbial Nouns) โ‡ข Adverb
These are used as an adeverb to express time
ใƒปใ„ใพใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ„ใพใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ now 
ใƒปใใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€โ—ฆ today
ใƒปใใฎใ†ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใฎใ†ใ€€โ—ฆ yesterday
ใƒปใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€€โ—ฆ tomorrow
ใƒปใ‚ใ•ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚ใ•ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ morning
ใƒปใฒใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฒใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ noon
ใƒปใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ night
ใƒปใฏใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฏใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ spring
ใƒปใชใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใชใคใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ summer
ใƒปใ‚ใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚ใใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ autumn
ใƒปใตใ‚†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใตใ‚†ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ winter
ใƒปใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใ€€โ—ฆ old times
Nouns/Verbs + Compound Particle (Pre-Verbal Form) โ‡ข Adverbials
Modifies, describes or gives more information about the verb itโ€™s closely connected
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™
ใƒปๅนดใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆ่จ˜ๆ†ถๅŠ›ใŒ่กฐใˆใ‚‹
ใƒปTo talk about Japanese culture
ใƒปAs one grows old one's memory fails

Types

โ‘ก Different types of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner
Indicates the way some action is being performed
ใƒปใใ‚Œใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚Œใ„ใซใ€€โ—ฆ neatly
ใƒปใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ€€โ—ฆ completely
ใƒปใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใ€€โ—ฆ well
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใพใฃใ™ใใ€€โ—ฆ straightly
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใ€€โ—ฆ exactly
ใƒปใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ€€โ—ฆ clearly
ใƒปใพใฃใŸใใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใพใฃใŸใใ€€โ—ฆ really
ใƒปใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจใ€€โ—ฆ properly
ใƒปใใกใ‚“ใจใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใกใ‚“ใจใ€€โ—ฆ accurately
ใƒปใถใ˜ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใถใ˜ใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ safely
ใƒปใ•ใฃใใใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ•ใฃใใใ€€โ—ฆ immediately      
Adverbs of Degree
Indicates the degree to which the word it modifies
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ more, even more, further
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ extremely, most
ใƒปใ„ใกใฐใ‚“ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ„ใกใฐใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ most, number one
ใƒปใ ใ„ใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ ใ„ใถใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ pretty, considerably
ใƒปใฒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใซใ€€โ—ฆ very, extremely
ใƒปใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ almost, mostly
ใƒปใ„ใฃใ•ใ„ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ„ใฃใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ entirety, (not) at all, never
ใƒปใ˜ใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ˜ใคใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ really/very clever
ใƒปใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‹ใชใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ considerably, fairly
ใƒปใ‘ใฃใ“ใ†ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‘ใฃใ“ใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ quite, fairly, considerably
ใƒปใใ‚ใ‚ใฆใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚ใ‚ใฆใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ extremely, exceedingly
ใƒปใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ completely, entirely
ใƒปใŸใ„ใธใ‚“ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŸใ„ใธใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ very, greatly, terribly
ใƒปใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ very, exceedingly
ใƒปใ™ใ”ใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใ”ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ very, immensely
ใƒปใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a lot, sufficiently
ใƒปใŠใŠใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŠใŠใ„ใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a lot, much, greatly
ใƒปใ‚ใšใ‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚ใšใ‹ใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a little, slightly
ใƒปใšใ„ใถใ‚“ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใšใ„ใถใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ very, etremely, terribly
ใƒปใ™ใ“ใ—ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใ“ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a little, a few
ใƒปใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ (not) very much
ใƒปใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ (not) at all
ใƒปใชใ‹ใชใ‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใชใ‹ใชใ‹ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ pretty, fairly
ใƒปใพใ‚ใพใ‚ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใพใ‚ใพใ‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ so-so
Adverbial Nouns of time and frequency
Indicates the time and frequency to which the word it modifies
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ˜ใ‚ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ˜ใ‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ beforehand, previously
ใƒปใฏใ˜ใ‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ firstly, first of all
ใƒปใ„ใพใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ„ใพใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ now
ใƒปใ„ใพใซใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ„ใพใซใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ any moment
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ใ„ใ ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ“ใฎใ‚ใ„ใ ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ the other day, lately
ใƒปใ“ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ“ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ lately, recently
ใƒปใพใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใพใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ still, as yet, only
ใƒปใพใ‚‚ใชใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใพใ‚‚ใชใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ soon, shortly, in a moment
ใƒปใพใ‚Œใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใพใ‚Œใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ rarely
ใƒปใพใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใพใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ again
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ‚‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ already
ใƒปใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ in the past
ใƒปใ•ใ„ใ”ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ•ใ„ใ”ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ finally
ใƒปใ•ใ„ใใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ•ใ„ใใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ recently
ใƒปใ•ใ„ใ—ใ‚‡ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ•ใ„ใ—ใ‚‡ใซใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ first, onset
ใƒปใ•ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ•ใใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ ahead (of), first
ใƒปใ•ใใปใฉใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ•ใใปใฉใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a while ago
ใƒปใ•ใฃใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ•ใฃใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a moment ago
ใƒปใ™ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ™ใใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ immediately
ใƒปใ™ใ“ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ™ใ“ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a little, a bit
ใƒปใŸใณใŸใณใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใŸใณใŸใณ  ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ often
ใƒปใ—ใฐใ—ใฐใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ—ใฐใ—ใฐใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ frequently
ใƒปใ—ใ‚‡ใฃใกใ‚…ใ†ใ€€โ‡ข ใ—ใ‚‡ใฃใกใ‚…ใ†ใ€€โ—ฆ always, frequently
ใƒปใ™ใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ™ใงใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ already, too late
ใƒปใคใŽใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใคใŽใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ next to
ใƒปใ‚ˆใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ‚ˆใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ often
ใƒปใ‚„ใŒใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใ‚„ใŒใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ shortly
ใƒปใšใฃใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข ใšใฃใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ all along, throughout

List


Onomatope

Onomatope is a word or group of words which have their meaning indicated by the sounds they mimic.

1.  ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒใƒšใƒฉใƒšใƒฉใซใชใ‚‹ใžใ€‚  
    You will become fluent in Japanese.
2.  ๆผขๅญ—ใŒใ™ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‰่ชญใ‚ใŸใ€‚  
    I can read kanji easily.
3.  ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใคใ‚ณใƒ„ใ‚ณใƒ„ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใญใ€‚  
    I've studied hard, little by little.
4.  ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚  
    Let's keep practicing hard from now on.
5.  ใฉใ‚“ใฉใ‚“ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚  
    Try to speak Japanese more and more
6.  ้–“้•ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚ˆใใ‚ˆใ—ใชใ„ใงใ€‚  
    Don't worry if you make a mistake.
7.  ใ„ใ‚„ใ„ใ‚„ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ไป•ๆ–นใŒใชใ„ใ€‚   
    You can't help it if you study it reluctantly.
8.  ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใญใ€‚   
    You'll get better and better at it gradually
9.  ๅŽณใ—ใ„ๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ทใƒ“ใ‚ทๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚   
    A strict teacher will teach you hard
10. ๅญฆๆ กใฎไธญใฏใ‚ฌใƒคใ‚ฌใƒคใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚  
    It was clamorously noisy in the school.
11. ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€ใƒšใƒใƒฃใ‚ฏใƒใƒฃใ—ใ‚ƒในใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ—ใ€‚   
    Everyone was chattering.
12. ๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒๆฅใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ทใƒผใƒณใจ้™ใ‹ใซใชใฃใŸใ€‚   
    When the teacher arrived, the scene became quiet.
13. ใ‚ฝใƒฏใ‚ฝใƒฏใ—ใฆ่ฝใก็€ใ‹ใชใ„ใญใ€‚   
    I'm so nervous and restless.
14. ใƒ‡ใƒผใƒˆใชใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒ‰ใ‚ญใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚ใ€‚   
    It's a date. I'm so excited
15. ใใ‚Œใงใ‚ฆใ‚ญใ‚ฆใ‚ญใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚   
    That's what's making me so happy.
16. ใ‚‚ใ†่กŒใ‹ใชใใ‚ƒใ€‚ใƒใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ฟใ ใใ€‚   
    I have to go. I'm in a flurry.
17. ใƒใ‚ฟใƒณ๏ผ็—›ใ„ใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใซๆŒ‡ใ‚’ใฏใ•ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚   
    Bang! Ouch, I stuck my finger in the door.
18. ๅฑใชใ„ใ€‚ใ‚๏ฝžใ€ใƒใƒฉใƒใƒฉใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚   
    Dangerous. Oh, I'm on edge.
19. ใใ‚“ใชใซใ‚ฌใƒŸใ‚ฌใƒŸ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ€‚   
    Don't be so nagging.
20. ใ‚ฐใ‚บใ‚ฐใ‚บใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ็„กใใชใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚   
    You're goofing off, and you're running out of time.
21. ใฆใใฑใไป•ไบ‹ใŒใงใใ‚‹ไบบใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใชใ€‚  
    I want to be a person who can work quickly.
22. ใƒ–ใƒ„ใƒ–ใƒ„ๆ–‡ๅฅใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใ€‚  
    I can't help it if I complain about it.
23. ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ—ฅๆœฌใ ใ€‚ใƒฏใ‚ฏใƒฏใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚ใ€‚  
    I'm going to Japan tomorrow. I'm so excited.
24. ใ‚ขใ‚ฟใƒ•ใ‚ฟใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใฃใจใ€‚  
    I'm going to get ready so I don't get caught off guard.
25. ใ•ใฃใ•ใจใ‚„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚„ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚  
    I'll do what I have to do.
26. ใ“ใฎใ‚นใƒผใƒ„ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใฏใ€ใšใฃใ—ใ‚Š้‡ใ„ใญใ€‚  
    This suitcase is very heavy.
27. ใƒจใ‚คใ‚ทใƒงใ€ใƒจใ‚คใ‚ทใƒงใ€‚้‹ใถใฎใŒๅคงๅค‰ใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚  
    Yosh, yosh. It's hard to carry
28. ใ“ใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆฅฝใ€…ๆŒใฆใ‚‹ใ‘ใฉใชใ€‚  
    I could easily carry this much.
29. ใ‚ดใƒญใ‚ดใƒญ่ปขใŒใ—ใฆใ„ใใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใถใ€‚  
    I'll just roll it over. It'll be fine.
30. ใใ‚ใใ‚ๅฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใชใ€‚  
    I think I'll go to bed soon.
31. ไธ€ๆ—ฅใŒใ‚ใฃใจใ„ใ†้–“ใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸใญใ€‚
    The day just flew by, didn't it?
32. ใƒ‘ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจๆŒใฃใŸ?
    I got my passport in order.
33. ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๅฎถใฎใ‚ซใ‚ฎใ‚‚้–‰ใ‚ใฆใ€‚
    Make sure the house is locked up.
34. ใพใ ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใฏใŸใฃใทใ‚Šใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
    There's still plenty of time.
35. ใ‚‚ใ†ใŠใชใ‹ใŒใƒšใ‚ณใƒšใ‚ณใ€‚
    I'm already starving.
36. ใƒใƒฃใƒใƒฃใƒƒใจใ”ใฏใ‚“ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
    I'll make you a quick meal.
37. ใƒ‘ใ‚ฏใƒ‘ใ‚ฏใ‚ˆใ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใญใ€‚
    You eat a lot of food.
38. ใ†ใฃใ€้ฃŸในใ™ใŽใฆใ€่ƒƒใŒใƒ ใ‚ซใƒ ใ‚ซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
    Ugh, I ate too much. My stomach is upset.
39. ้ ญใŒใ‚บใ‚ญใ‚บใ‚ญ็—›ใ„ใ€‚
    My head is throbbing.
40. ใƒ–ใƒฉใƒ–ใƒฉๆ•ฃๆญฉใงใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใชใ€‚
    I think I'll go for a stroll.
41. ใฎใ‚“ใณใ‚Šใใฎ่พบใ‚’ๆญฉใ„ใฆใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
    I'm gonna take a leisurely walk around the block.
42. ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใ€ไบˆๅฎšใŒใŽใฃใ—ใ‚Š่ฉฐใพใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚
    I've got a jam-packed schedule tomorrow.
43. ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€้ƒจๅฑ‹ใงใพใฃใŸใ‚Šๆ˜ ็”ปใงใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใ‚‹?
    Do you want to sit in your room and watch a movie today?
44. ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ฆใƒˆใ‚ฆใƒˆใญใ‚€ใฃใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸใ€‚
    I fell asleep while watching the movie.
45. ๆœใพใงใ€ใใฃใ™ใ‚Š็œ ใ‚ŒใŸ?
    Did you get a good night's sleep?
46. ๆ™‚ๅทฎใƒœใ‚ฑใงใ€ใชใ‹ใชใ‹็œ ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
    Jet lag made it hard to sleep.
47. ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ™ใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใŸใ€‚
    I went to the bathroom to clear my head.
48. ๆ–ฐๅฎฟใฎ่ก—ใฏใ”ใกใ‚ƒใ”ใกใ‚ƒใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใญใ€‚
    It's a messy town in Shinjuku.
49. ใƒคใƒใใ†ใชไบบใ‚‚ใ‚ฆใƒญใ‚ฆใƒญใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใ€‚
    There are some dangerous people walking around.
50. ใผใ‚“ใ‚„ใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ‚‹ใจใ€่ฟทๅญใซใชใ‚Šใใ†ใ€‚
    If you're in a daze, you'll get lost.

Inerrogatives


Nominalizer

Nominalization is the process of turning words/phrases into nouns/noun phrases that arenโ€™t nouns.
The two nominalizers are no and koto.

no

โ‘ ใ€€noto~ใƒป~ingใƒปthat

no is use when referring to

A specific instance of an activity
A concrete or direct action
A personal or familiar knowledge
A back referral
Using perception verbs


A specific instance of an activity

โšญใ€€Vru/Vta + no
ใƒปๆฅๅนดๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่กŒใใฎใฏ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ 
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่กŒใใฎใฏๆฅๅนดใงใ™ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐ? 
ใƒปIt is Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan next year
ใƒปIt is next year that Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan
ใƒปWho wrote this letter?

A concrete or direct action

โšญใ€€Vru + no
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆŒใกไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ‚Œ
ใƒปใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆ™ฉๅพก้ฃฏใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใ†
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅŒ–็ฒงใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใค
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใŒใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๆญขใ‚ใŸ
ใƒปๅ‹้”ใŒๅธฐใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใŸ
ใƒปๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปHelp me to lift this
ใƒปI help my mom to cook dinner
ใƒปI wait for my girlfriend to put her make up on
ใƒปI'm waiting for her to finish her shopping
ใƒปI stopped my children from watching TV
ใƒปI stopped my friend to go home
ใƒปI forgot to do my homework

A personal/familiar knowledge

โšญใ€€Vru + no
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™
ใƒป่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใใฎใŒๅพ—ๆ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ๅผพใใฎใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™
ใƒปใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใฎใŒ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™
ใƒป็ตตใ‚’ๆใใฎใŒไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใงใ™
ใƒปTanaka-san is good at teaching Japanese
ใƒปI like to watch football
ใƒปI don't like to ride a bicycle
ใƒปI am good at playing the piano
ใƒปI am good at playing the guitar
ใƒปI am not good in drinking alcohol
ใƒปI am not good at drawing

A back referral

โšญใ€€Vru + no
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒป้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™
ใƒป้‡Ž็ƒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้ข็™ฝใใชใ„
ใƒปใ“ใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ‚‹ใฎใฃใฆ้ข็™ฝใ„ใ‚ˆใญ
ใƒปSpeaking Japanese is difficult
ใƒปDriving is easy
ใƒปPlaying baseball is fun
ใƒปMemorizing Kanji is not interesting
ใƒปLooking back like this is interesting

Using perception verbs

โšญใ€€Vru + no
ใƒปๅฝผใŒๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸ
ใƒปใใฎไบบใŒ็งใฎ่ฒกๅธƒใ‚’็›—ใ‚€ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸ
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏใ—ใšใˆใŒๆณณใใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒป็™ฝใ„่ปŠใŒ่ตฐใ‚ŠๅŽปใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใŒใƒใ‚คใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใ‚’ๅผพใใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใŸ
ใƒป้ŸณใŒๅดฉใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™
ใƒป่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆญŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ่žใ“ใˆใพใ™
ใƒปๅฎถใŒๆบใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸ
ใƒปI saw him walking
ใƒปI saw that man steal my wallet
ใƒปI was watching Shizue swim
ใƒปI saw a white car drives off
ใƒปI heared Ms.Tanaka play the violin
ใƒปI hear a sound crumbling
ใƒปI hear someone singing
ใƒปI felt the house shake

koto

โ‘กใ€€kototo~ใƒป~ingใƒปthat

koto is use when referring to

An abstract concept or thinking
A significant knowledge or concept
A notable experience
A decision
A potential or ability
A nominalized Engine
Following a grammatical pattern


A abstract concept or thinking

โšญใ€€Vru + koto
ใƒปๅจ˜ใซๆ—ฉใๅฐฑ่ทใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใงใฏไธ€ใคใฎๆผขๅญ—ใซใฎ่ชญใฟๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใŸ
ใƒปI thought about getting my daughter a job as soon as possible
ใƒปI learnt that in Japanese there are different ways of reading a single kanji

A significant knowledge or concept

โšญใ€€Vru + koto
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ(ใฏ/ใŒ)ๅคงๅˆ‡ใงใ™
ใƒปๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ใ‚’ไผๆ•™ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ(ใฏ/ใŒ)ๅฟ…่ฆใ    
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใชใ‚“ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹
ใƒปItโ€™s important to practice everyday
ใƒปStudying Kanji is necessary
ใƒปIs that really possible?

Following a grammatical patternใƒปA notable experience

โšญใ€€Vta + koto ga aru
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๅฏฟๅธใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปไฝ•ๅบฆใ‹ๆ—ฅๆœฌ้ฃŸใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปI have been to Japan
ใƒปI've eaten sushi
ใƒปI've eaten Japanese food a few times

Following a grammatical patternใƒปA potential or ability

โšญใ€€Vru + koto ga dekiru
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ๅผพใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹
ใƒปI can speak Japanese
ใƒปI can play a guitar

Following a grammatical patternใƒปA decision

โšญใ€€Vru + koto ni suru
โšญใ€€Vru + koto ni naru
โšญใ€€Vru + koto ni kimeru
ใƒป็งใฏๆฅๅนดๅฐๅ‚ใซ่ปขๅ‹คใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ๅ่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง่กŒใใ“ใจใซๆฑบใ‚ใŸ
ใƒปI has been decided that I will transfer to Kosaka next year
ใƒปI have decided to memorise ten kanji every day
ใƒปHe decided to go by himself

Following a grammatical patternใƒปA nominalized Engine

โšญใ€€.. + koto da/desu
ใƒป่ถฃๅ‘ณใฏๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
ใƒปๅคขใฏไธ–็•Œไธญใ‚’ๆ—…่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ–™็†ใฎ็‰น่‰ฒใฏใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชๆๆ–™ใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
ใƒปMy hobby is taking photos
ใƒปMy dream is to travel around the world
ใƒปThe feature of this dish is that it contains various ingredients

Counters

Numbers

Numbers 1-10

ใƒปไธ€ใ€€ichi
ใƒปไบŒใ€€ni
ใƒปไธ‰ใ€€san
ใƒปๅ››ใ€€yon
ใƒปไบ”ใ€€go
ใƒปๅ…ญใ€€roku
ใƒปไธƒใ€€nana/shichi
ใƒปๅ…ซใ€€hachi
ใƒปไนใ€€kyuu
ใƒปๅใ€€juu

Generic Counters

Counters 1-10

ใƒปใฒใจใคใ€€ใ€€hitotsu
ใƒปใตใŸใคใ€€ใ€€futatsu
ใƒปใฟใฃใคใ€€ใ€€mittsu
ใƒปใ‚ˆใฃใคใ€€ใ€€yottsu
ใƒปใ„ใคใคใ€€ใ€€itsutsu
ใƒปใ‚€ใฃใคใ€€ใ€€muttsu
ใƒปใชใชใคใ€€ใ€€nanatsu
ใƒปใ‚„ใฃใคใ€€ใ€€yatsu
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใฎใคใ€€kokonotsu
ใƒปใจใŠใ€€ใ€€ใ€€too

Unit Counters

Time

ใƒป็ง’ใ€€ใ€€ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ seconds
ใƒปๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€ใตใ‚“/ใทใ‚“/ใถใ‚“ใ€€โ—ฆ minutes
ใƒปๆœˆใ€€ใ€€ใ‹ใ’ใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number of months
ใƒปๆœˆใ€€ใ€€ใคใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number of months
ใƒปๅนดใ€€ใ€€ใญใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number of years
ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number of hours
ใƒป้€ฑ้–“ใ€€ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number of weeks

Numerical Value

ใƒปๅใ€€ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ€€โ—ฆ tens
ใƒป็™พใ€€ใฒใ‚ƒใใ€€โ—ฆ hundreds
ใƒปๅƒใ€€ใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ thousand
ใƒปไธ‡ใ€€ใพใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ ten thousand

Percentage

ใƒปๅ‰ฒใ€€ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€€โ—ฆ percent

Weight

ใƒปใ‚ญใƒญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ‚ญใƒญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ kilo
ใƒปใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ gram
ใƒปใƒŸใƒชใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€€ใƒŸใƒชใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€€โ—ฆ milligram

Distance

ใƒปใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ€€ใ€€ใƒกใƒผใƒˆใƒซใ€€โ—ฆ meter
ใƒปใ‚ปใƒณใƒใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ‚ปใƒณใƒใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ centimeter

Volume

ใƒปใƒชใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใ€€ใ€€ใƒชใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใ€€โ—ฆ liter

Classifiers

Classification

ใƒปๆญณใ€€ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ age
ใƒปๅŒนใ€€ใดใใƒปใฒใใƒปใณใใ€€โ—ฆ pets
ใƒป้ ญใ€€ใจใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ big animals
ใƒป็พฝใ€€ใ‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ birds
ใƒปๅ†Šใ€€ใ•ใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ books, album, magazine
ใƒปๆžšใ€€ใพใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ flat things
ใƒปๅ›žใ€€ใ‹ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number of times
ใƒป้šŽใ€€ใ‹ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ building floors
ใƒปๅ€‹ใ€€ใ“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ small objects, individual
ใƒป็ผถใ€€ใ‹ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ cans
ใƒปๆœฌใ€€ใฝใ‚“ใƒปใปใ‚“ใƒปใผใ‚“ใ€€โ—ฆ cylindrical things
ใƒปไบบใ€€ใ˜ใ‚“ใƒปใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ person
ใƒปๅใ€€ใ‚ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ person
ใƒปๅฐใ€€ใ ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ machines
ใƒปๆ—ฅใ€€ใ‹ใƒปใซใกใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ day
ใƒปๆœˆใ€€ใŒใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ month
ใƒปๅนดใ€€ใญใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ years
ใƒปๅธญใ€€ใ›ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ numbers of seats
ใƒปๆฎตใ€€ใตใ ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ stairs, steps, drawers, layer
ใƒปๆ™‚ใ€€ใ˜ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ oโ€™clock
ใƒป็‚นใ€€ใฆใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ points, mark
ใƒปๆฏใ€€ใฑใ„ใƒปใฏใ„ใƒปใฐใ„ใ€€โ—ฆ liquid in glasses, bowls
ใƒปๅ€ใ€€ใฐใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ multiples, -fold as in โ€œtwofold"
ใƒปๆณŠใ€€ใฏใใƒปใฑใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ night stay
ใƒป่ป’ใ€€ใ‘ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ buildings, houses
ใƒป็•ชใ€€ใฐใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ number (ex. no. 2 - ni ban)
ใƒป่ชฒใ€€ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ chapter, lesson
ใƒปๆฌกใ€€ใ˜ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ stage, order, times

Ordinals

Suffix ็›ฎ โ—ฆ ใ‚ โ—ฆ is added to indicate order

ใƒป3 ๆฏ็›ฎใ€€โ—ฆ Third bowl
ใƒป3 ๅ›ž็›ฎใ€€โ—ฆ Third time
ใƒป1 ่ป’็›ฎใ€€โ—ฆ First house/building
ใƒป4 ๅ€‹็›ฎใ€€โ—ฆ Fourth one
ใƒป2 ไบบ็›ฎใ€€โ—ฆ The second person
ใƒปไธ€ๅˆ—็›ฎใฎๅธญใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ The first row seat
ใƒปไธ€็•ช็›ฎใฎๅญใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ The first girl
ใƒปไธ€ใค็›ฎใฎไฟกๅทใ€€โ—ฆ The first traffic light
ใƒปใ„ใใค็›ฎใฎ้ง…ใ€€โ—ฆ The nth station (How many stations?)

Prefix ็ฌฌ โ—ฆ ใ ใ„ โ—ฆ is added to indicate order

ใƒป็ฌฌไธ€่ชฒใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ The first chapter
ใƒป็ฌฌไบŒๆœŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ The second term
ใƒป็ฌฌไบŒๆฎต้šŽใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ The second stage
ใƒป็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌก็”ฃๆฅญใ€€โ—ฆ Primary industry
ใƒป็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไบˆ้˜ฒใ€€โ—ฆ Primary prevention
ใƒป็ฌฌไบŒๆฌก้›†ๅ›ฃใ€€โ—ฆ Secondary group
ใƒป็ฌฌไบŒๆฌก่ฃฝๅ“ใ€€โ—ฆ Secondary product

Adverbial Quantifiers

Adverbs

ใƒปๅคšใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใŠใŠใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ many
ใƒปๅฐ‘ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ™ใ“ใ—ใ€€ใ€€โ—ฆ a few, a little
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ€€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ€€โ—ฆ a few, a little
ใƒปใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€€โ—ฆ a lot, plenty, many

Affixes

Prefix

A prefix is a short element that is attached to the beginning of a word to add an additional meaning to or to change the meaning of the word.

ใƒปใŠใ€€ใ€€olite prefix      
ใƒปๅฏใ€€ใ€€able, ible        
ใƒปๅ„ใ€€ใ€€each, several     
ใƒป็‰‡ใ€€ใ€€one               
ใƒป้€†ใ€€ใ€€counter, reverse  
ใƒปใ”ใ€€ใ€€polite prefix      
ใƒปๆบ–ใ€€ใ€€semi, quasi, assoc 
ใƒป่ซธใ€€ใ€€many, various
ใƒป็ด ใ€€ใ€€bare               
ใƒปๅ…จใ€€ใ€€whole, entire
ใƒป็ทใ€€ใ€€grand, general     
ใƒปๆ•ฐใ€€ใ€€several, a number of     
ใƒปใŠๆ‰‹็ด™ใƒปletterใƒปใŠไธŠๆ‰‹ใƒปskillfulใƒปใŠๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใƒปbusy
ใƒปๅฏ็‡ƒ็‰ฉใƒปflammable thingใƒปๅฏๆบถๆ€งใƒปsolubility
ใƒปๅ„ๅ›ฝใƒปeach countryใƒปๅ„้ƒจๅฑ‹ใƒปeach room
ใƒป็‰‡ๆ‰‹ใƒปone handใƒป็‰‡ไธ€ๆ–นใƒปone of the twoใƒป็‰‡ๆ™‚ใƒปa monent
ใƒป้€†ๅŠนๆžœใƒปcounter productiveใƒป้€†ใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใƒปreverse course
ใƒปใ”ๅฎถๆ—ใƒปyour familyใƒปใ”็ตๅฉšใƒปmarriage
ใƒปๆบ–ๆฑบๅ‹ใƒปsemi-finalใƒปๆบ–ไผšๅ“กใƒปassociate member
ใƒป่ซธ่จญๅ‚™ใƒปmany facilitiesใƒป่ซธ็‰ฉไพกใƒปvarious prices
ใƒป็ด ่ถณใƒปbare footใƒป็ด ็„ผใใƒปunglazed pottery
ใƒปๅ…จๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ใƒปthe whole nationใƒปๅ…จไบบๅฃใƒปentire population
ใƒป็ท้ธๆŒ™ใƒปgeneral electionใƒป็ทๅˆ่จˆใƒปgrand total
ใƒปๆ•ฐๅคšใใƒปin large numbersใƒปๆ•ฐๆ กใƒปseveral schools

Suffix

A suffix is a short element that is attached to the end of a word to change the meaning of or to add an additional meaning to the word.

ใƒปๅฎถใ€€ใ€€er, ian, ist      
ใƒป้™ใ‚Šใ€€limited to, only  
ใƒปๆ–นใ€€ใ€€how to, a way of  
ใƒปๆ–นใ€€ใ€€plural marker     
ใƒปๅฝขใ€€ใ€€shaped            
ใƒปๅž‹ใ€€ใ€€type, model       
ใƒปใŒใกใ€€tend to, often    
ใƒปใŽใฟใ€€verging on        
ใƒป้Ÿณๆฅฝๅฎถใƒปmusicianใƒปๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใƒปspecialistใƒป่ณ‡ๆœฌๅฎถใƒปcapilist
ใƒปไปŠ้€ฑ้™ใ‚Šใƒปlimited to this weekใƒปไธ€ๅบฆ้™ใ‚Šใƒปonly once
ใƒป่ชญใฟๆ–นใƒปhow to readใƒปway of reading
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸๆ–นใƒปyouใƒปๅ…ˆ็”Ÿๆ–นใƒปthe teachers
ใƒปๅตๅฝขใƒปegg-shapedใƒปไธ‰ๆ—ฅๆœˆๅฝขใƒปcresent
ใƒป็ฎฑๅž‹ใƒปbox typeใƒปAๅž‹ใƒปtype Aใƒป1990ๅนดๅž‹ใƒป1990 model
ใƒปๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŒใกใƒปtend toใƒป็—…ๆฐ—ใŒใกใƒปoften get ill
ใƒปๅคชใ‚ŠใŽใฟใƒปverging on obesityใƒป้ขจ้‚ชใŽใฟใƒปhave a slight cold

Time

Hours

Nanjikan desu ka?How many hours?

ใƒปไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€ichijikan
ใƒปไบŒๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€nijikan
ใƒปไธ‰ๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€sanjikan
ใƒปๅ››ๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€yojikan
ใƒปไบ”ๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€gojikan
ใƒปๅ…ญๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€rokujikan
ใƒปไธƒๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€shichijikan
ใƒปๅ…ซๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€hachijikan
ใƒปไนๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€kujikan
ใƒปๅๆ™‚้–“ใ€€ใ€€juujikan
ใƒปๅไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ€€juuichijikan
ใƒปๅไบŒๆ™‚้–“ใ€€juunijikan

Minutes

Nanpun desu ka?How many minutes?

ใƒปไธ€ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€ippun
ใƒปไบŒๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€nifun
ใƒปไธ‰ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€sanpun
ใƒปๅ››ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€yonpun
ใƒปไบ”ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€gofun
ใƒปๅ…ญๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€roppun
ใƒปไธƒๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€nanafun
ใƒปๅ…ซๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€happun
ใƒปไนๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€kyuufun
ใƒปๅๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€juppun
ใƒปๅไธ€ๅˆ†ใ€€juuichipun
ใƒปๅไบŒๅˆ†ใ€€juunifun
ใƒปๅไบ”ๅˆ†ใ€€juugofun
ใƒปไธ‰ๅๅˆ†ใ€€sanjuppun

Seconds

Nanbyou desu ka?How many seconds?

ใƒปไธ€็ง’ใ€€ใ€€ichibyou
ใƒปไบŒ็ง’ใ€€ใ€€nibyou
ใƒปไธ‰็ง’ใ€€ใ€€sanbyou
ใƒปๅ››็ง’ใ€€ใ€€yonbyou
ใƒปไบ”็ง’ใ€€ใ€€gobyou
ใƒปๅ…ญ็ง’ใ€€ใ€€rokubyou
ใƒปไธƒ็ง’ใ€€ใ€€nanabyou
ใƒปๅ…ซ็ง’ใ€€ใ€€hachibyou
ใƒปไน็ง’ใ€€ใ€€kyuubyou
ใƒปๅ็ง’ใ€€ใ€€juubyou
ใƒปๅไธ€็ง’ใ€€juuichibyou
ใƒปๅไบŒ็ง’ใ€€juunibyou

Time Expression

Nanji desu ka?What time is it

ใƒป๏ผ‘ๆ™‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ„ใกใ˜ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€1 o'clock
ใƒป๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใซใ˜ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€2 o'clock
ใƒป๏ผ“ๆ™‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€3 o'clock
ใƒป๏ผ“ๆ™‚๏ผ•ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใ”ใตใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€3:05
ใƒป๏ผ“ๆ™‚ๅŠใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใฏใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€3:30
ใƒปๅˆๅพŒ๏ผ“ๆ™‚๏ผ•ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ”ใ”ใ€€ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใ”ใตใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€3:05 pm
ใƒปๅˆๅ‰๏ผ“ๆ™‚๏ผ•ๅˆ†ใ€€ใ”ใœใ‚“ใ€€ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใ”ใตใ‚“ใ€€3:05 am
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ—ๆ™‚ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€It's 7 o'clock already
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ—ๆ™‚ใ™ใŽใ ใ€€It's already past 7
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚้ ƒใซใญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€See you about 7
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚ๅ‰ใซใญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€See you a liitle before 7
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚้ŽใŽใซใญใ€€ใ€€See you a little past 7
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚๏ผ•ๅˆ†ๅ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€5 minutes before 7 o'clock
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚๏ผ•ๅˆ†้ŽใŽใ€€ใ€€5 minutes past 7 o'clock
ใƒป๏ผ™ๆ™‚ใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€I'll be done at 9:00
ใƒป๏ผ™ๆ™‚ใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€I finished at 9:00
ใƒป๏ผ™ๆ™‚ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€It will be over at 9:00
ใƒป๏ผ™ๆ™‚ใพใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€It will be until 9:00
ใƒป๏ผ–ๆ™‚ใพใงๅพ…ใกใชใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€Wait till 6:00
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€I woke up at 7:00
ใƒป๏ผ—ๆ™‚ใซๅธฐใฃใฆใใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€I'll be back at 7:00
ใƒปไปŠๆ™ฉ๏ผ–ๆ™‚ใพใงๆš‡ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€I'm free until 6:00 this evening
ใƒปๆ™ฎ้€šๅˆๅพŒ๏ผ‘๏ผ‘ๆ™‚ใซๅฏใ‚‹ใ€€I usually go to bed at 11:00pm

Location

Place of existence

Place of existence

ใƒป้ง…ใฎๅ‰ใซใŠๅบ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใƒšใƒณใ‚’ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซ็ฝฎใ
ใƒป็งใฎๅฎถๆ—ใฏ้ฆ™ๆธฏใซใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆœบใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็งใŸใกใฏๆฑไบฌ้ง…ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปThere is a store in front of the station
ใƒปPlace the pen on the table
ใƒปMy family is in Hongkong
ใƒปThere is a book on my desk
ใƒปWe live near Tokyo Station

Place of action

Place of action

ใƒปๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ–ซ่Œถๅบ—ใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆ˜ ็”ป้คจใงๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใงใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปI'm studying in the library
ใƒปTalking in a coffee shop
ใƒปWatching a movie at the cinema
ใƒปEating a cake at a restaurant

Place of destination

Place of destination

ใƒป็งใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅๆ—ฉใๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปI'm going to Japan
ใƒปI want to go to Europe
ใƒปI went home early yesterday
ใƒปPlease come back to Japan

Place of direction

Place of direction

ใƒปใ“ใกใ‚‰ใธใฉใ†ใž
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใธๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป็งใŸใกใฏ็ง‹็”ฐ็œŒใธ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใ“ใกใ‚‰ใธใŠ้€ฒใฟใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปPlease come this way
ใƒปPlease come to Japan!
ใƒปWe're going to Akita Prefecture
ใƒปPlease proceed this way

Relative Position

ใƒป็ฎฑใฎไธญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปInside the box
ใƒป็ฎฑใฎๅค–ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOutside the box
ใƒปใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOn top of the table
ใƒปใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปUnder the table
ใƒป้ง…ใฎๅ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn front of the station
ใƒป้ง…ใฎๅพŒใ‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBehind the station
ใƒป้“ใฎๅทฆๅดใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปLeft side of the road
ใƒป้“ใฎๅณๅดใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปRight side of the road
ใƒป็ฎฑใฎไธญใฎ็Œซใฏ็œ ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใƒปThe cat inside the box is asleep 
ใƒปๅฑฑใฎไธŠใฎๆ•™ไผšใŒ็พŽใ—ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThe church on top of the mountain is beautiful
ใƒป้šฃใฎๅธญใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใŒ็พŽใ—ใ„ใ€€ใƒปThe girl sitting next to me is beautiful
ใƒป่กจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€front
ใƒป่ฃใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€back
ใƒปไธญๅคฎใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€center
ใƒป้“่ทฏใฎ็ซฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€road edge/shoulder
ใƒป้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฎ้š…ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€room center
ใƒปๅฅฅใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€back/inner/depth
ใƒปๅบ•ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€bottom
ใƒปๆญฃ้ขใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€front
ใƒปๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ใฎๅฎถใ€€ใ€€ใ€€house opposite
ใƒปๆ–œใ‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€diagonal
ใƒปๆ–œใ‚ใซๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€cut diagonal
ใƒป้šฃใฎๅธญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€seat next to
ใƒปๆ‰‹ๅ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€before/this side of
ใƒปๅ…ˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ahead/beyond
ใƒป่พบใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€vicinity
ใƒปๅดใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€side
ใƒปๅ…ฌๅœ’ใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€around the park
ใƒปๅ‘จ่พบใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใ€€ใ€€ใ€€surrounding environment
ใƒปๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๅ‘ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€same direction
ใƒป้€†ใฎๆ–นๅ‘ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€opposite direction
ใƒปๅ‘ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€direction/orientation
ใƒปๅณๅ‘ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€facing right
ใƒปๅ—ๅ‘ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€facing south
ใƒปๅ‘ใใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€change direction
ใƒปไบคๅทฎ็‚นใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€intersection
ใƒปๅ››่ง’ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€crossroads, street corner
ใƒปๆญฉ้“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€sidewalk
ใƒปๆจชๆ–ญๆญฉ้“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€pedestrian crossing
ใƒป่ปŠ้“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€road
ใƒป็ชใๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€end of the road
ใƒป่ธๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€railroad crossing
ใƒปๆจชๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€to cross
ใƒปๆฒฟใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€to follow
ใƒป้“ใซ่ฟทใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€to get lost

ๅ‘ใ“ใ†: โ€œbeyondโ€ or โ€œother sideโ€

ใƒปๆตทใฏๆœจใฎๅ‘ใ“ใ†ใงใ™
ใƒปThe ocean is beyond the trees

ใกใ‹ใ: โ€œnearโ€ or โ€œcloseโ€

ใƒปใใฎใŒใฃใ“ใ†ใฏใ„ใˆใฎใกใ‹ใใงใ™
ใƒปThat school is near the house

ใจใชใ‚Š: โ€œnextโ€ or โ€œbesideโ€

ใƒปใ„ใˆใฎใจใชใ‚Šใฏใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปNext door to the house is the church

ใใฐ๏ผšโ€œnearโ€ or โ€œbesideโ€

ใƒปใ„ใˆใฎใใฐใซๅทใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปThere is a river near the house

ใ‚ˆใ“๏ผšโ€œbesideโ€

ใƒปใ„ใˆใฎใ‚ˆใ“ใซใงใ‚“ใกใ‚…ใ†ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปThere is a utility pole beside the house 

ๅๅฏพๅด๏ผšโ€œother sideโ€ or โ€œopposite sideโ€

ใƒป้“่ทฏใฎๅๅฏพๅดใซใŠๅบ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปThe store is on the other side of the road 

Engine

Nouns/Adjectives

Nouns or Adjectives as the Engine.

โ‘ ใ€€Nouns

ใƒป้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™
ใƒปTakahashi-san is a university student

โ‘กใ€€Noun Phrases

ใƒปใฎใถใ‚Šใ•ใ‚“ใŒใ‚นใƒžใจ้‡Ž็ƒ้ธๆ‰‹ใงใ™
ใƒปNoburi-san is a smart baseball player

โ‘ขใ€€Adjectival Nouns

ใƒป่Šฑใฏ็ถบ้บ—ใงใ™
ใƒปThe flower is beautiful

โ‘ฃใ€€Adjectives

ใƒปใ‚ซใƒใƒณใŒๅฎ‰ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปThe bag is cheap

Verbs

A verb is a word that expresses the physical or mental activities carried out by the subject of a sentence.

Groups

GodanConsonant-Stem
In the dictionary form, Godan verbs may end with u,tsu,ru,mu,bu,nu,ku,gu,su.

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใƒปๅพ…ใคใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใƒป้Šใถใƒปๆญปใฌใƒปๆ›ธใใƒปๆณณใใƒป่ฉฑใ™
ใƒปbuyใƒปwaitใƒปknowใƒปreadใƒปplayใƒปdieใƒปwriteใƒปswimใƒปtalk

IchidanVowel-Stem
In the dictionary form, Ichidan verbs all ends with either eru or iru.

(โ–) eru

ใƒปใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‡บใ‚‹ใƒปๆ™ดใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒปto raiseใƒปto leaveใƒปto clear upใƒปto eat

(โ–) iru

ใƒปใใ‚‹ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป่ฝใกใ‚‹ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปto wearใƒปto seeใƒปto fallใƒปbe located

Irregular
There are only 2 irregular verbs in Japanese: suru(do), kuru(come).

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใƒป้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปto comeใƒปto studyใƒปto call

Types

TransitiveAction
Transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object. They express what an agent does.

ใƒป็งใฏใ‚ˆใๆœฌใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็ˆถใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸ    
ใƒปI often borrow books
ใƒปMy father bought a new car

IntransitiveDescriptive
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object.
They express events, movements or the spontaneous changes undergone by the subject.

ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ–ฐๅญฆๆœŸใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฐ้ขจใงๆœจใŒๅ€’ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปThe new semester started yesterday
ใƒปTrees fell because of the typhoon

Classification

Stative

Stative verbs
Describes the state of a person, animal or thing.

ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปใงใใ‚‹ใƒป้ฃฒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปneedใƒปto exist/have (animate things)ใƒปto exist/have (inanimate things)ใƒปcan doใƒปcan drink (all potential verbs) 
ใƒปๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฏๅฆนใŒใ„ใพใ™ 
ใƒปThere are swings in the park
ใƒปI have a younger sister

Active

ActiveใƒปDurativeใƒปContinual verbs
Expresses actions that a person, animal, organization, etc. performs. I takes some time or duration to complete the action.

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใƒป้ฃฒใ‚€ใƒปๆญฉใใƒป่ตฐใ‚‹ใƒป่ธŠใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญŒใ†ใƒปๆณณใใƒปใพใคใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใƒป่žใ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใƒปๆ›ธใใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใƒปๆณฃใใƒปๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใƒปไฝฟใ†ใƒปไฝœใ‚‹ใƒป็ฌ‘ใ†ใƒปไผ‘ใ‚€
ใƒป้ฃ›ใถใƒป่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใƒปไผšใ†ใƒปไฝใ‚€ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปeatใƒปdrinkใƒปwalkใƒปrunใƒปdance
ใƒปsingใƒปswimใƒปwaitใƒปtalkใƒปhear
ใƒปreadใƒปwriteใƒปseeใƒปcryใƒปteach
ใƒปshowใƒปuseใƒปmakeใƒปlaughใƒปrest
ใƒปflyใƒปthinkใƒปmeetใƒปliveใƒปstudy
ใƒป็งใฏๆ™ฉใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็ŠฌใŒๅ ใˆใพใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปI ate dinner
ใƒปA dog barked

Stative-Active

Stative-Active verbs
Can be either a stative or active verb.

ใƒป่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใƒป่žใ“ใˆใ‚ใƒปๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป้•ใ†ใƒปไผผๅˆใ†
ใƒปbe visibleใƒปbe audibleใƒปunderstandใƒปdifferใƒปbe suitable

Punctual

PunctualใƒปMomentary verbs
Are events that takes place in a moment.
(1) Transition from one state to another
(2) Start of action or motion from static state
(3) Arrival of completion

ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใƒปๆญปใฌใƒปๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‡บใ‚‹ใƒปๅ’ฒใใƒป็ฉบใใƒป้–‹ใใƒป้–‰ใ˜ใ‚‹ใƒปๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ 
ใƒปๆ•ฃใ‚‹ใƒป็ซ‹ใคใƒป่ฝใกใ‚‹ใƒปๅ€’ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป่กŒใใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใƒปไป˜ใ
ใƒป็€ใใƒปๅฑŠใใƒป่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒปๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒป็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปๅบงใ‚‹ใƒปๆ‰“ใคใƒป่ทณใถใƒปๅฏใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ›ฐใ‚‹ใƒปไน—ใ‚‹ใƒปไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใƒป็–ฒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป่ตทใใ‚‹ใƒป็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅธฐใ‚‹ใƒป่จ€ใ†ใƒปๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป่ฒธใ™ใƒปๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ใƒป่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ‚‹ใƒปใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒปๅˆใ†
ใƒปto realizeใƒปto dieใƒปto enterใƒปto goutใƒปto bloomใƒปto be vacantใƒปto openใƒปto closeใƒปto break apart
ใƒปto fall/scatterใƒปto stand upใƒปto fall (from height)ใƒปto fall over ใƒปto goใƒปto comeใƒปto beginใƒปto attach
ใƒปto arriveใƒปto reachใƒปto touchใƒปto stopใƒปto endใƒปto sitใƒปto hitใƒปto jumpใƒปto go to bed
ใƒปto get in troubleใƒปto get onใƒปto giveใƒปto receiveใƒปto get tiredใƒปto wake upใƒปto marry
ใƒปto go homeใƒปto sayใƒปto forgetใƒปto lendใƒปto borrowใƒปto rememberใƒปto becomeใƒปto kickใƒปto match

Non-Volitional

Non-Volitional verbs The outcome of the action is not controlled by the subject in any case.
In onset, development and outcome are out of the subjectยดs control.
Usually does not take the volitional form, the imperative and potential form.
(1) Emotive
(2) Non-Emotive

ใƒปๅ–œใถใƒปๆ‚ฒใ—ใ‚€ใƒปๆ€’ใ‚‹ใƒปๅซŒใ†ใƒปๅฅฝใ‚€ใƒปๅ›ฐใ‚‹ใƒป่‹ฆใ—ใ‚€
ใƒปใงใใ‚‹ใƒปใ„ใ‚‹ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใƒป่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใƒป่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใƒปๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป้•ใ†ใƒปไผผๅˆใ†ใƒป็–ฒใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปbe pleasedใƒปbe sadใƒปbe angryใƒปhateใƒปlikeใƒปtroubleใƒปsuffer
ใƒปcan doใƒปneedใƒปto knowใƒปbe visibleใƒปbe audibleใƒปunderstandใƒปdifferใƒปsuitableใƒปget tired

Reciprocal

Reciprocal verbs
Takes the particle โ€œtoโ€ for the direct object.

ใƒป็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปไผšใ†ใƒปๅˆใ†ใƒปๆ‰“ใคใ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป็›ธ่ซ‡ใ™ใ‚‹    
ใƒปmarryใƒปfightใƒปmeetใƒปmatchใƒปbump intoใƒปconsult
ใƒป่ฆชๅ‹ใจ็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ง…ๅ‰ใงๅ‹้”ใจๅพ…ใกๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปI'm marrying my best friend
ใƒปIโ€™ll meet my friends in front of the station

Movement

Movement verbs
Use particle ni to indicate the destination of the movement.
Use particle e to indicate the direction of the movement.
Can take Vmasu ni to express purpose.

ใƒป่กŒใใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅธฐใ‚‹ใƒปๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‡บใ‚‹ใƒป็ซ‹ใกๅฏ„ใ‚‹  
ใƒปgoใƒปcomeใƒปreturnใƒปenterใƒปget outใƒปstop by
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒป้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝใธ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใซๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปI'm going to Japan
ใƒปI'm going to Korea
ใƒปI'm going to Japan to study
ใƒปLet's go home for dinner
ใƒปI'm coming to Japan to teach English

Active-Punctual

Active-Punctual
Can be either be a active or punctual verb.

ใƒป็€ใ‚‹ใƒปๅ–ใ‚‹ใƒปๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปๆณจๆ–‡ใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปwearใƒปtakeใƒปchangeใƒปorder

Forms/Endings

Endings are added to the end of verbs to create special forms which gives more a specific meaning or function.

Table


Stems
V1: Negative-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใช
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพ
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸใน
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—

V2: Noun-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใก
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Š
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŽ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใซ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใฟ
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใณ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸใน
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—

V4: Command-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใˆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Œ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‘
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ’
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ›
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใญ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใน

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚Œ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚Œ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ™ใ‚Œ

Forms
Vnai

(โ–) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past Casual)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใชใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใชใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ๆฅใชใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใชใ„

Vnakatta

(โ–) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past Casual)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

Vmasu

(โ–) Vmasu-Form (Non Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ™
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ™
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ™
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ™

Vmasen

(โ–) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“

Vmashita

(โ–) Vmashita-Form (Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ

Vmasendeshita

(โ–) Vmasendeshita-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ

Vdictionay

(โ–) Vdict-Form (Dictionary Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฒทใ†
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€่ฆ‹ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ๆฅใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ™ใ‚‹

Vte-form

(โ–) Vte-Form (Te Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใง
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใง
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใง
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใง
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใฆ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใฆ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใฆ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใฆ

Vta-form

(โ–) Vta-Form (Ta Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใŸ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็ŸฅใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใ 
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใŸ

Compound Verbs

A compound verb is a verb that consists of two verbs creating a specific meaning.
Forms: (G1) Vmasu + V, (G2) Vte + V, (G3) prefix + V, (G4) V(regarded as one word)

komu

komuinใƒปintoใƒปdeeply

โšญใ€€Vmasu + komu

(โ–) Creates an inward direction or

(โ–) An action takes place deep in something or someone

ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„็”ทใŒ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงใใŸ
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏ้ขจ้‚ชใงๅฏ่พผใ‚“ใงใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏ่ฝใจใ—็ฉดใซ่ฝใก่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใซ้ฃ›ใณ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆด—ๆฟฏ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅฎถใฎไธญใซๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใ  
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅž‹ใซๆตใ—่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้›ช่งฃใ‘ๆฐดใŒๅฑฑใ‹ใ‚‰ๅทใซๆตใ‚Œ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้…ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸไน—ๅฎขใŒๆฉŸๅ†…ใซ่ตฐใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงๆฅใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใฏๅผพใ่พผใ‚ใฐๅผพใ่พผใ‚€ใปใฉ่‰ฏใ„้Ÿณใซใชใ‚‹
ใƒป้›ป่ปŠใฎไธญใงๅ‹้”ใจ่ฉฑใ—่พผใ‚“ใงใ€้ง…ใ‚’ไน—ใ‚Š้Žใ”ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปใƒฏใƒ‹ใฏไบบใ‚’ๅทใฎไธญใซๅผ•ใใšใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป็ช“ใŒ้–‹ใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ้ดใ‚’็ฃจใ่พผใ‚“ใงใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ซใƒ”ใ‚ซใซใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏใƒžใƒ‹ใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใ‚’ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚่ชญใฟ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ‰ใซใ€้ธๆ‰‹ใŸใกใฏๆณณใŽ่พผใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปA stranger came into the room
ใƒปYesterday I was completly put into sleep due to colds
ใƒปHe fell into the hole
ใƒปHe jumped into the pool
ใƒปShe brought her laundry back into the house
ใƒปThey poured the concrete into the mold
ใƒปThe newly-melted slush flowed into the river from the mountain
ใƒปA delayed passenger came running into the cabin
ใƒปA guitar's sound gets better the more you play it
ใƒปI was talking with my friends on the train and missed the station
ใƒปThe crocodile dragged the man into the river
ใƒปThe window was open, and the rain poured in
ใƒปHe polished his shoes, making them shine
ใƒปI read the manual over and over
ใƒปThe swimmers drilled themselves in swimming ahead of the Olympics

ageru

agerudoing something for someoneใƒปcompletionใƒปraising upใƒปgoing up

โšญใ€€Vte + ageru doing something for someone

(โ–) Someone gives an action as a favor to someone not within the group

(โ–) The status of giver and receiver is about equal

ใƒป้ดใ‚’ใฏใ‹ใ›ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒป็งใฏใชใŠใฟใ•ใ‚“ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นใ•ใ‚“ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒปLet me help you get your shoes on
ใƒปI taught Naomi some English
ใƒปMr. Tanaka lent Mr. Smith a book

โšญใ€€Vmasu + agerucompletion

(โ–) Indicates completion

ใƒป่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ‹ใไธŠใ’ใŸใ‚‰ใ€้€ฃ็ตกใ—ใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆด—ๆฟฏ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ไธŠใ’ใŸ
ใƒปๆ–™็†ไบบใฏ้‡Ž่œใ‚’็‚’ใ‚ไธŠใ’ใŸ
ใƒปI'll let you know when I've finished my paper
ใƒปI washed up a lot of laundry
ใƒปThe cook finished stir-frying the vegetables

โšญใ€€Vmasu + ageruraising upใƒปgoing up

(โ–) Indicates something raising up or going up

ใƒปๆถˆ่ฒปใฎๆ‹กๅคงใฏ็ตŒๆธˆๆˆ้•ทใ‚’ไธŠๆ–นๅ‘ใซๆŠผใ—ไธŠใ’ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”ทใฏใ€่ฟ‘ใใซใ‚ใฃใŸๅคงใใชๅฒฉใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆไธŠใ’ใ€ๆŠ•ใ’้ฃ›ใฐใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅคงใใช้ญšใ‚’้‡ฃใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใŸ
ใƒปAn increase in consumption will push economic growth upward
ใƒปThe man lifted up a nearby boulder and hurled it
ใƒปShe reeled in a big fish

au

audo something togetherใƒปdo something to each other

โšญใ€€Vmasu + au

(โ–) To do something mutually together

ใƒปๅ–œใณๅˆใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใ€็›ฃ่ฆ–ใฟใ‚ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๅ‹้”ใ 
ใƒปไบŒไบบใฏๅฐใ•ใชใ“ใจใง่จ€ใ„ๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅฎถๅบญใงใฏไธก่ฆชใจๅญไพ›ใŒใ‚ˆใ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ†
ใƒปๅƒ•ใŸใกใฏใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ๅˆใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”ทๅฅณใŒๅ…ฌๅœ’ใฎ ใƒ™ใƒณใƒใงๆŠฑใๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ‰ฃๅฃซใฏไบ’ใ„ใซๆ‰“ใกๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏๆŠผใ—ๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅบ—ๅ“กใซๅ€คๅผ•ใใ‚’ๆŽ›ใ‘ๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใงๅฝผใจ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹้”ใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅˆใฃใฆๅ–œใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปไบŒไบบใฏๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ๅˆใฃใฆๅบงใฃใŸ
ใƒป็งใฎๅฎถใฏๅ‹้”ใฎๅฎถใจๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ๅˆใฃใฆๅปบใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป็งใฏๆ˜”ใฎๅ‹้”ใจใฐใฃใŸใ‚Š่กŒใๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ญใƒŸใฏใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใจๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šๅˆใ†ๅŠชๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ 
ใƒปๅ–œใณใ‚‚ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใ‚‚ๅˆ†ใ‘ๅˆใ†ใฎใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎๅ‹้”ใ 
ใƒปPeople who rejoice and watch each other are true friends
ใƒปThey were arguing over the smallest things
ใƒปIn this family, parents and children talk a lot
ใƒปWe jointly contribute money to rent an apartment
ใƒปA man and a woman are hugging on a park bench
ใƒปThe kendoka struck each other
ใƒปThe children pushed each other
ใƒปHe tried to haggle with the shopkeeper to lower the price
ใƒปI first got to know him in New York
ใƒปThey grasped their friends' hands and rejoiced
ใƒปThe two of them sat facing each other
ใƒปMy house and my friend's house face each other
ใƒปI happened to run into an old friend
ใƒปYou need to try to understand each others feelings
ใƒปTrue friends share all of their joys and sorrows.

iku/kuru

iku/kurusequential

โšญใ€€Vte + iku go after doing

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru come back after doing

(โ–) The agent does something in some point in time and moves from there

(โ–) The agent goes and does something and then returns

ใƒปใ“ใ“ใงใ”้ฃฏ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใง่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใใญ
ใƒปไธญๅ›ฝใธ่กŒใๅ‰ใซไธญๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒป็—…้™ขใธ่กŒใ้€”ไธญใงใ€ใŠ่ฆ‹่ˆžใ„ใฎ่Šฑใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™    
ใƒปใ”้ฃฏ้ฃŸในใฆใใ‚‹
ใƒป้ง…ใพใง้ฃŸในใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใˆใฃใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ใŠ่Œถใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใฃใฆใใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใฃใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎ่ฑ†ใŒใชใ„ใ€‚ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ™ใ่ฟ‘ใใฎๅบ—ใง่ฒทใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
ใƒปI'm going to have dinner here and go
ใƒปI'll get some at the convenience store and go there
ใƒปI will study Chinese before I go to China
ใƒปOn the way to the hospital, I'll buy some flowers
ใƒปI'm gonna go get some food and will come back
ใƒปI ate my way to the station and came here
ใƒปWhat, is it time for tea already? I'm going to go wash my hands
ใƒปOh, I don't have any coffee beans. Please wait for a moment. I'll go buy some at a store nearbyใ„

iku/kurusimulataneous

โšญใ€€Vte + iku do go

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru do come

(โ–) Indicates a means or state of movement or that the agent is doing some action during the movement

ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผไน—ใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒป้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฎใชใ‹ใง็œ ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใŠๅผๅฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๅผŸใ‚’ๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใธ้€ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI don't have time, so I'll take a taxi
ใƒปI fell asleep on the plane
ใƒปTomorrow, please bring your lunch
ใƒปI took my brother to the zoo on Sunday

iku/kurudirectional (movement)

โšญใ€€Vte + iku go awayใƒปgo out/in

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru come out/in

(โ–) Gives directionality to verbs of movement and to verbs have the nuance of movement

(โ–) Shows the proximity or estrangement toward or away from someone or something

ใƒป่ฝใกใฆใใŸ
ใƒป้ฃ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฝใกใฆใ„ใฃใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ถใ€…ใŒ้ฃ›ใ‚“ใงใใŸ
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใใพใ™
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใพใ™
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒปIt's falling in
ใƒปIt just flew away
ใƒปIt just fell off
ใƒปA butterfly flew over me
ใƒปStudents are coming out of the classroom after class
ใƒปStudents enter the classroom at the beginning of class
ใƒปStudents come into the classroom at the beginning of class
ใƒปStudents are leaving the classroom at the end of the class

iku/kurudirectional (change)

โšญใ€€Vte + iku go (change)

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru become (change)

(โ–) Gives directional change to verbs and have the nuance of going up/down or become something

ใƒปN4ใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆผขๅญ—ใŒใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ๅคšใใชใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ™
ใƒป่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“ๅ…ทๅˆใŒ่‰ฏใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปWhen it comes to N4, the number of kanji will gradually increase
ใƒปI took some medicine and I'm feeling better and better

iku/kurudirectional (time)

โšญใ€€Vte + iku (from here) to keep/continue

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru (until now) to keep/continue

(โ–) Expresses a continuation of some action from present to future

(โ–) Expresses a continuation of some action from the past into the future

ใƒปไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฎˆใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅๅนด้–“ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใฏๆผขๅญ—ไฝฟใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€ๆผขๅญ—ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใพใง1ไบบใง้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจไธ€็ท’ใซใชใ‹ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปLet's follow the example
ใƒปI've been studying Japanese for ten years
ใƒปThe Japanese have always used Kanji
ใƒปFrom now on, I will continue to use kanji
ใƒปI've been doing my best by myself until today. Let's do well with you from now on

iku/kuruperceptional (change)

โšญใ€€Vte + kuru started toใƒป(I'm/It's) getting

(โ–) Indicates a beginning of a change perceive through senses

(โ–) Indicates an appearance or a beginning of change

ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๆš—ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใฆใใŸ
ใƒป้ ญใŒ็—›ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๅทฆใซๆ–นใซๅฑฑใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใฆใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅฏ’ใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใปใ‚‰ใ€้›ชใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆ
ใƒปIt's starting to rain
ใƒปIt's getting dark
ใƒปI'm getting hungry
ใƒปMy head is starting to hurt
ใƒปYou will see a mountain to the left
ใƒปIf you think it's cold, look, it's snowing!

Copula

โ‘ ใ€€daInformal

ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒผใƒใฏใ‚ตใƒผใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใฎใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ€ใ‚คใ‚นใ 
This beach is a surfer's paradise

โ‘กใ€€desuFormal

ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒ€ใƒ‹ใ‚จใƒซใฏใƒ†ใƒใ‚ทใƒผใฎใ‚ฆใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใงใ™
Jack Daniels is a Tennessee whiskey

โ‘ขใ€€dearuLiterary

ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใƒฌใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚จใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹
Skiing is a good recreation

Connective-Forms

โ‘ ใ€€Copula da โ‡ข de

โšญใ€€Noun/Na-Adj + de
ใƒปใฉใ†ใถใคใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใฉใ†ใถใคใง 
ใƒปใใ‚Œใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใใ‚Œใ„ใง
ใƒปใ‚ฆใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใฏไธญๅ›ฝไบบใงใ‚ญใƒ ใ•ใ‚“ใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝไบบใงใ™ 
ใƒปใ‚Šใชใ•ใ‚“ใฏใใ‚Œใ„ใงใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปWong-san is Chinese and Mr. Kim is Korean
ใƒปRina-san is beautiful and kind

โ‘กใ€€I-Adjective i โ‡ข kute

โšญใ€€I-Adj + kute
ใƒปใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใ‚„ใ™ใใฆ
ใƒปใŠใŠใใ„ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŠใŠใใใฆ
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่พžๆ›ธใฏๅฎ‰ใใฆไพฟๅˆฉใ 
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅฎถใฏๅคงใใใฆ็พŽใ—ใ„
ใƒปThis dictionary is cheap and convenient
ใƒปThat house is big and beautiful

โ‘ขใ€€Verb Verb โ‡ข Noun-base form Verb โ‡ข Te-form

โšญใ€€Vnoun/Vte
ใƒปใŠใใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŠใ
ใƒปใŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ขใ€€ใŸในใฆ
ใƒป็งใฏๆœๅ…ญๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใใ€ๅคœๅๆ™‚ใ”ใ‚ๅฏใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฑฑ็”ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏใƒฉใƒกใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€
ใƒปI get up at six in the morning and go to bed around ten at night
ใƒปYamada-san eats ramen and drinks beer

Auxiliaries/Helpers

Auxiliaries or Helpers are attached at the end of a word or a sentence to give nuance.

Aux-Adj

rashii

rashiiseemใƒปlook likeใƒปapparently

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + rashii + (da/desu)

(โ–) The preceding sentence is the speakers conjecture base on what he has heard, read or seen

ใƒปๆ‰ๆœฌใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅธฐใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใใฎ่ฉฑใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„
ใƒปSugimoto-san seems to have gone home already
ใƒปIt seems that this area is very quiet
ใƒปApparently the story is true

โšญใ€€N + rashii

(โ–) Attached to a noun to describe likeness (intrinsic characteristics)

ใƒป็”ทใ‚‰ใ—ใ„็”ทใŒๅฅฝใใ 
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅ†ฌใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๅฏ’ใ„ๆ—ฅใงใ™
ใƒปๅฅณใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไป•่‰
ใƒปI like a manly man
ใƒปIt's a cold, wintery day today
ใƒปfeminine/girly gesture

souda

soudaseemใƒปlookใƒปlook likeใƒปappear

โšญใ€€Vmasu/I-Adji/Na-Adj/N + sou + (da/desu)

(โ–) The preceding sentence is the speakers conjecture base on what he sees or feels

ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šใใ†ใ 
ใƒปใ‚ใฎ่ปŠใฏ้ซ˜ใใ†ใ 
ใƒปใ‚ใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใฏ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใ†ใ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่พบใ‚Šใฏ้™ใ‹ใใ†ใ 
ใƒปIt looks like it will rain
ใƒปThat car looks expensive
ใƒปThat steak looked delicious
ใƒปThis neighborhood looks quiet

โšญใ€€I-Adji + kunai + sasou + (da/desu)

โšญใ€€I-Adji/Na-Adj/N + sou + janai/jaarimasen

โšญใ€€Vmasu + sou + (ni)(mo) + nai/arimasen

(โ–) Negative Expression

ใƒปใใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใชใ•ใใ†ใงใ™
ใƒปใใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏ็พŽๅ‘ณใŠใ„ใ—ใใ†ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใตใ‚Šใใ†ใซใ‚‚ใชใ„ 
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใตใ‚Šใใ†ใซใชใ„ 
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใตใ‚Šใใ†ใ‚‚ใชใ„ 
ใƒปThat cake doesn't look delicious
ใƒปThat cake doesn't look delicious
ใƒปIt doesn't look like it's going to rain
ใƒปIt's not gonna rain
ใƒปIt's not gonna rain 

youda

youdaseemใƒปlook as ifใƒปlook likeใƒปappear

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + you + (da/desu)

(โ–) The preceding sentence is the speakers conjecture base on what he sees in connection with logical reasoning and judgment

(โ–) Expresses the likelihood of something or the likeness of something to something

ใƒปๆ‰ๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใธใ„ใใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปๆœจๆ‘ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใฏๆ˜”ๅญฆๆ กใ ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปIt appears that Mr. Sugiyama is going to America
ใƒปThis problem seems to be a bit difficult for students
ใƒปIt seems that Mr. Kimura drank sake yesterday
ใƒปLooks like this place used to be a school

mitai

mitailooks likeใƒปseemsใƒปlook

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + mitai desu

(โ–) Indicates that the information expressed by the preceding sentence is what the speaker sees

ใƒปใŠใ˜ใ„ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏๆ•ฃๆญฉใซ่กŒใใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒป้’ๆœจใ•ใ‚“ไผš็คพใ‚’่พžใ‚ใŸใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒป่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒๅฏใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฟใŸใ„ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰้™ใ‹ใซใ—ใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็ŒซใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปGrandpa seems to be going for a walk
ใƒปMr. Aoki seems to have quit the company
ใƒปIt looks like the baby's sleeping, so you'd better be quiet
ใƒปShe looks like a cat

โšญใ€€N + mitai

โšญใ€€N + mitai + na + Noun

โšญใ€€N + mitai + ni + Verb/Adj

(โ–) Attached to a noun to describe likeness in appearance

ใƒป็ŒซใฟใŸใ„ใชๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฟใŸใ„ใซ็พŽใ—ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅญใฏใพใ‚‹ใง็ŠฌใฟใŸใ„ใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒปI want a girlfriend who looks like a cat
ใƒปShe's beautiful, like a model
ใƒปThat girl eats like a dog

tai

taiwantใƒปwould like

โšญใ€€Vmasu + tai + (da/desu)

(โ–) Expresses a desire to something

ใƒปใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใŒ้ฃฒใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใคใ‚ใŸใ„ๆฐดใŒ้ฃฒใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปI want to eat cake
ใƒปI'd like some coffee
ใƒปI'd like to drink some cold water

(โ–) Logical translation of the sentences

ใƒป(As for me), Cake is desirable to eat
ใƒป(As for me), Coffee is desirable to drink
ใƒป(As for me), Cold water is desirable to drink

(โ–) Use particle o when indicating place of passage

ใƒป็งใฏๆ—ฉใใ“ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใ‚’้™ใ‚ŠใŸใ„
ใƒป็งใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‚’ๆญฉใใŸใ„
ใƒป้ณฅใซใชใฃใฆ็ฉบใ‚’้ฃ›ใณใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปI want to get off this train
ใƒปI want to walk in the park
ใƒปI want to be a bird and fly in the sky

(โ–) Use particle o when a passive verb was used i the sentence

ใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใซ้ก”้ขใ‚’ๆฎดใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ„
ใƒป่›‡ใซ่ถณใ‚’ๅ™›ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ„
ใƒป็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซใ“ใฎ็ตตใ‚’่ค’ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ„
ใƒปI want to get hit at the face by John
ใƒปI want to get bitten at my legs by a snake
ใƒปI want to have this picture praised by my teacher

garu

garushow signs of

โšญใ€€Vtai/I-Adj-i/Na-Adj + garu

(โ–) Showing a sign of something

ใƒปๅญไพ›ใŒ็œ ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹    
ใƒปๅ’Œ็”ทใฏใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใ‹ใƒผใ‚’ๆฌฒใ—ใŒใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ‚นใƒผใ‚ถใƒณใฏไธ€ไบบใงใ•ใณใ—ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปไธŠ็”ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚€ใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใŒใฃใŸ
ใƒปThe child wants to sleep
ใƒปKazuo wanted a sports car
ใƒปSusan is alone and lonely
ใƒปUeda-san wanted to eat ice cream

Aux-Verbs

ageru

agerudoing something for someone

โšญใ€€Vte + ageru

(โ–) Someone gives an action as a favor to someone not within the group

(โ–) The status of giver and receiver is about equal

ใƒป็งใฏไฟก้›„ใ•ใ‚“ใซใƒใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใ‚คใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒปใƒชใƒžใ•ใ‚“ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚ใ’ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นใ•ใ‚“ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ
ใƒปI bought a tie for Nobuo
ใƒปI taught Rima English
ใƒปMr. Tanaka lent Mr. Smith a book

kureru

kurerusomeone doing something for me

โšญใ€€Vte + kureru

(โ–) Someone gives an action as a favor to someone within the group

ใƒป็ˆถใฏใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปๆฏใฏใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’็„ผใ„ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปๅ‹้”ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปMy father bought me a camera
ใƒปMy mother baked a cake for me
ใƒปMy friend is teaching me Japanese

(โ–) When the main verb is intransitive donโ€™t use ni rather use no tame ni as marker for recipient

ใƒปใฟใ‚“ใชใฏ็งใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅƒใ„ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปEveryone worked for my sake

morau

moraureceive something from someone

โšญใ€€Vte + morau

(โ–) Someone receives some benefit from someone not within the group

(โ–) The status of giver and receiver is about equal

ใƒป็ˆถใซใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅ‹้”ใซๆฅใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆœจๆ‘ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅคง้‡Žใ•ใ‚“ใซ่ปŠใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ
ใƒปI had my father bought a camera for me
ใƒปI had my friend come over for me
ใƒปMr. Kimura had Mr. Ono to lend him his car

(โ–) When the giver is of higher status than the receiver use itadaku instead of kureru

ใƒป็งใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซๆœฌใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ„ใŸ
ใƒปI had a teacher who lend me a book

Aux-Others

souda

soudaI hear thatใƒปI heard that

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj+da/N+da + sou da/desu

(โ–) Indicates that the information expressed by the preceding sentence is what the speaker heard

ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ่‚‰ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใใ†ใ 
ใƒปๆธ…ๆฐดใ•ใ‚“ใฏใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใพใชใ„ใใ†ใงใ™
ใƒป้•ทๆพคใ•ใ‚“ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใ ใใ†ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ ใใ†ใ 
ใƒปI heard that meat in Japan is very expensive
ใƒปI heard that Shimizu-san doesn't drink alcohol
ใƒปI heard that Ms. Nagasawa speaks very good English
ใƒปI heard that Mr. King is a teacher of English

kamo

kamomight

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + kamo

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + kamoshirenai

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + kamoshiremasen

(โ–) Indicates that the information expressed by the preceding sentence might happen or not

ใƒปใใ‚ใใ‚ๆข…้›จๅ…ฅใ‚Šใ‹ใ‚‚ใญ
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็„กๆ–™ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚
ใƒป้€ฑๆœซใฏ้›ชใŒใตใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใญ
ใƒปๆฏใฏไปŠ้ ƒๅฏใฆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ†ใกใซ่ฒกๅธƒใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
ใƒปไปŠใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใ‚„ใฃใฆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
ใƒปThe rainy season might start soon
ใƒปThis might not be free
ใƒปIt might snow this weekend
ใƒปMother might be sleeping rigth now
ใƒปI might have left my wallet at home
ใƒปThere might be a sale going on right now

darou

darouprobablyใƒปguess

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + darou/deshou

(โ–) Indicates that the information expressed by the preceding sentence is not based on any particular info or evidence

ใƒปใ‚ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏ้ซ˜ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปใ‹ใ“ใกใ‚“ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝไบบใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปThat apartment probably expensive
ใƒปKakocin-san is probably good at skiing
ใƒปThat man is probably Korean

noda

no daใƒปndathe fact is thatใƒปIt is thatใƒปThe reason is that

โšญใ€€V/I-Adj/Na-Adj+(na/datta)/N+(na/datta) + noda/nda/nodesu/ndesu

(โ–) Sentence ender which explains or asking some explanation about some information

ใƒปใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใพใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒป็งใฏใพใ ๅไธƒใชใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใจ็ตๅฉšใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒปWhy don't you drink alcohol?
ใƒปI'm only seventeen years old
ใƒปI want to marry you

Conjuctions

atode

atode afterใƒปafterwards

โšญใ€€Vta/N+no + atode
A state or action happens after a state or action takes place but not always immediately
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่กŒใฃใŸๅพŒใง็—…ๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใฎๅพŒใงๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸๅพŒใงใ™ใๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎๅพŒใงใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใŸ 
ใƒปI got sick after I went to Japan
ใƒปI went to the library after class
ใƒปI studied right after I ate my dinner
ใƒปWe played tennis after dinner

kara

kara afterใƒปsince

โšญใ€€Vte + kara
After or since a point in time at which something takes place (happens almost immediately)
ใƒป้›ชๅญใฏๆ™ฉๅพก้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใซ่กŒใฃใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๅ‹้”ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฎถใซๅ‡บใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒฏใƒผใ‚’ๆตดใณใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฏใพใ™
ใƒป็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใฎๅฎถใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ†10ๅนดใซใชใ‚‹ 
ใƒปAfter eating her dinner, Yukiko  went to a movie
ใƒปAfter I calling my friend, I left for home
ใƒปAfter taking a shower, She went to bed
ใƒปIt's been ten years since we bought this house

Verbs

Forms

V1

Stem

Negative-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใช
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพ
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸใน
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Negative Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—

Forms

Vnai

โ‘  Vnai informal negative
โšญ Vneg-stem + nai

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ„
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„
ใƒป็งใฏ้บไผๅญ็ต„ใฟๆ›ฟใˆ้ฃŸๅ“ใฏ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„
ใƒปI don't understand Japanese
ใƒปI will not buy genetically modified foods

โ‘ก Vnai hou ga ii better not to
โšญ Vneg-stem + nai hou ga ii (desu)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒป็„ก็†ใ—ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปItโ€™s better not to work too hard

Vnakatta

โ‘  Vnakatta informal past negative
โšญ Vneg-stem + nakatta

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸ  
ใƒป่‹ฑ่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ  
ใƒปใŠๅ‹้”ใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒปI didn't have any money.
ใƒปI didn't understand English.
ใƒปYour friend didn't show up yesterday.

Vnaide

โ‘  Vnaide without doing, without having done
โšญ Vneg-stem + naide

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ใง
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใง
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใง
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ„ใง
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ„ใง
ใƒปๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใงๅญฆๆ กใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ  
ใƒปI left for school without doing my homework.

โ‘ก Vnaide kudasai please donโ€™t, negative request
โšญ Vneg-stem + naide kudasai

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใ‚’ๅธใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ใซ้…ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปPlease don't smoke in here.
ใƒปPlease donโ€™t be late.

โ‘ข Vnaide sumu get by without doing, you donโ€™t have to, it doesnโ€™t matter if you donโ€™t have to
โšญ Vneg-stem + naide sumu

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚€
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚€
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚€
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚€
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‚€
ใƒปไบบ่บซไบ‹ๆ•…ใง้›ป่ปŠใŒ้…ใ‚ŒใŸใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅพ…ใŸใชใ„ใงๆธˆใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปThe train was delayed due to a personal injury, but we didn't have to wait too long

Vnakute

โ‘  Vnakute since not/without doing/having, not this but that
โšญ Vneg-stem + nakute

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใชใใฆ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใใฆ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใใฆ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใใฆ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใใฆ
ใƒปใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใชใใฆใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹  
ใƒปๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใใฆ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฎถๆ—ใซไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅฏ’ใใชใใฆใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
ใƒปIf your guest does not come, What will you do?
ใƒปI didnโ€™t write a letter, I telephoned.
ใƒปSince I couldn't see my see my family, I feel lonely.
ใƒปSince it's not cold today, I'm glad.

V1.1

Vpass

Passive-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (PassiveใƒปReceptive Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใชใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (PassiveใƒปReceptive Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (PassiveใƒปReceptive Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Details

โ‘  Vreu/rareru (I) get/got by someone
โšญ Vneg-stem + reru/rareru โ†’ Vpass

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฒกๅธƒใฏๆณฅๆฃ’ใซ็›—ใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใฟใ‚“ใชใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซ่ณชๅ•ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใƒ‘ใƒณใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ๏ผ
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใซ่ชญใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป็ช“ใฏ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใซ้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใซ็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใซๅฎถใ‚’ๅปบใฆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปๅค–ๅ›ฝไบบใซ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่žใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใซๆ–™็†ใŒใพใšใ‹ใฃใŸใฃใฆ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใซๅค‰ใ ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™
ใƒปMy wallet was stolen by a thief.
ใƒปHe is known by everyone.
ใƒปI was asked a question by the teacher.
ใƒปThe bread was eaten by somebody.
ใƒปSomeone saw me.
ใƒปThis book is being read by a large number of people.
ใƒปThe window was opened by Mr. Tanaka.
ใƒปMr. Tanaka opened the window.
ใƒปMr. Tanaka built a house.
ใƒปI was asked a question by a foreigner.
ใƒปShe told me that the food was bad.
ใƒปI am told by my mother that I am strange.

V1.2

Vcau

Causative-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใชใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐใ›ใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹

Details

โ‘  Vsaseru/seru coercion, instruction, non-interference
โšญ N ga N ni N o + Vneg-stem + saseru/seru (V - transitive)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ•™ๅธซใŒๅญฆ็”Ÿใซ่ณ“ใ‚’่ชญใพใ›ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆชใŒๅญไพ›ใซๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๅฆนใซๆ˜ผใ”้ฃฏใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‰ใ›ใŸ
ใƒปThe teacher made the students read the book.
ใƒปThe parent made the child do homework.
ใƒปI made my sister make lunch.

โ‘ก Vsaseru/seru coercion, instruction, non-interference
โšญ N ga N ni/o + Vneg-stem + saseru/seru (V - intransitive)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป็งใŒๅญไพ›ใ‚’่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใ‹ใ›ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏไปฒ้–“ใ‚’ๆญปใชใ›ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅคงใใชๅฅ‘็ด„ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ–ฐๅ…ฅ็คพๅ“กใซ่กŒใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅฟƒ้…ใ 
ใƒปI had the children go shopping.
ใƒปI regret that I let my friend die.
ใƒปIt's a big contract, and I'm worried about letting the new guy go.

โ‘ข Vsaseru/seru induce someone to do
โšญ N ga N o + Vneg-stem + saseru/seru (V - intransitive, involuntary)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅ†—่ซ‡ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆใฟใ‚“ใชใ‚’็ฌ‘ใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป็งใฏๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใฏไนฑๆšดใงใ€่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใฎๅญใ‚’ใ‚ˆใๆณฃใ‹ใ›ใ‚Œใ„ใŸ
ใƒปHe always telling jokes and making everyone laugh.
ใƒปWhen I was a child I was wild and unruly and often made the children in my neighbourhood cry.

V1.3

Vcau-pass

Causative-Passive-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŒใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใชใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใพใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใฐใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Details

โ‘  Vsaserareru/serareru forced to do something and its bothersome or objectionable
โšญ Vneg-stem + saserareru/serareru

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใซ๏ผ“ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปๅ…ˆ่ผฉใซ็„ก็†ใซใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใพใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๆฏใซ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๆŽƒ้™คใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปMy mom made/forced me study for three hours yesterday.
ใƒปA senior colleague forced me to drink alcohol.
ใƒปI was made to clean the room by my mother.

V2

Stem

Noun-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใก
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Š
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŽ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใซ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใฟ
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใณ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸใน
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Noun Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—

Forms

Vnagara

(โ–) Vnagara-Form (Non Past) โšญ Vnn + nagara

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰
ใƒปใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ๅผพใใชใŒใ‚‰ๆญŒใˆใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใŠ่Œถใงใ‚‚้ฃฒใฟใชใŒใ‚‰่ฉฑใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
ใƒป็งใฏใŸใ„ใฆใ„้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่ดใใชใŒใ‚‰ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปCan you sing while playing guitar?
ใƒปWhy don't we talk over a cup of tea?
ใƒปI usually study while listening to music

Vnikui

(โ–) Vnikui-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vnn + nikui

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใซใใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใซใใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใซใใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใซใใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใซใใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆผขๅญ—ใฏ็”ปๆ•ฐใŒๅคšใใฆใ€่ฆšใˆใซใใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ญšใฏ้ชจใŒๅคšใใฆใ€้ฃŸในใซใใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๆฑไบฌใฏ็‰ฉไพกใŒ้ซ˜ใใฆใ€ไฝใฟใซใใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปThis kanji has many strokes and is difficult to remember!
ใƒปThis fish has a lot of bones and is hard to eat!
ใƒปTokyo is expensive and difficult to live in.

Vsugiru

(โ–) Vsugiru-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vnn + sugiru

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใ™ใŽใ‚‹
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้ฃฒใฟใ™ใŽใฆ้ ญใŒ็—›ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒป่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ—ใ™ใŽใฆใ€ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ—ใ™ใŽใฆใ€็›ฎใŒ็—›ใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปI drank a little too much and my head hurts.
ใƒปI shopped too much and ran out of money!
ใƒปI play so many games, my eyes hurt.

Vtai

(โ–) Vtai-Form (Negative Non Past) โšญ Vnn + tai

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใŸใ„
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใŸใ„
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใŸใ„
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใŸใ„
ใƒป็งใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„ใช
ใƒป็งใฏๆธ‹่ฐทใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„  
ใƒปI want to eat ice cream
ใƒปI want to go to Shibuya.
ใƒปI want to eat ramen.

V2.1

Vmasu

Masu-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Masu Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใกใพใ™
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใใพใ™
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใŽใพใ™
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใซใพใ™
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใฟใพใ™
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใณใพใ™

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Masu Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ™
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ™

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Masu Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๅŒ—ๆตท้“ใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅ‹้”ใจ้Šใณใพใ™
ใƒปI'm going to Hokkaido tomorrow.
ใƒปI will study Japanese.
ใƒปI'm going to play with my friends today.

Vmashita

(โ–) Vmashita-Form (Past) โšญ Vnn + mashita

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ˜จๅนดใ€้•ท้‡Žใธ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅ…ˆ้€ฑใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI went to Nagano last year.
ใƒปYesterday, I ate ramen.
ใƒปLast week, I read a book on Japanese

Vnakatta

(โ–) Vnakatta-Form (Negative) โšญ Vnn + masen

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“

Vmasendeshita

(โ–) Vmasendeshita-Form (Negative Past) โšญ Vnn + masen deshita

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ

V3

Vru

Dictionary-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Dictionary Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใ†
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใค
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ™
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใฌ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚€
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใถ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Dictionary Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Dictionary Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ™ใ‚‹

(โ–) More Endings/Forms


Details


V4

Stem

Command-Stem

(โ–) Godan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใˆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Œ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‘
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ’
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ›
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใญ
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใน

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚Œ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œ

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚Œ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ™ใ‚Œ

Forms


V4.1

Vpot

Potential-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใˆใ‚‹
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฆใ‚‹
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ’ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใญใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šในใ‚‹

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใงใใ‚‹

V5

Vvol

Volitional-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใŠใ†
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใŠใ†
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใ‚ใ†
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ“ใ†
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ”ใ†
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใใ†
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใฎใ†
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚‚ใ†
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใผใ†

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ†

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†

V6

Vte

Te-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Te Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใฆ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใฆ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใง
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใฆ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใง
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใง
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใง

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Te Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใฆ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใฆ

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Te Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใฆ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใฆ

V7

Vta

Ta-Form

(โ–) Godan Verb (Ta Form)

ใƒป่ฒทใ†ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฒทใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅพ…ใคใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๅพ…ใฃใŸ
ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ็ŸฅใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆ›ธใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๆณณใใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆณณใ„ใ 
ใƒป่ฉฑใ™ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆญปใฌใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆญปใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป่ชญใ‚€ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒป้Šใถใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ้Šใ‚“ใ 

(โ–) Ichidan Verb (Ta Form)

ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€โ‡ข   ้ฃŸในใŸ
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ่ฆ‹ใŸ

(โ–) Irregular Verb (Ta Form)

ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ๆฅใŸ
ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€โ‡ข   ใ—ใŸ

More

Vcnd

to

Conditional-Form

โ‘ ใ€€toifใƒปwhen

โšญใ€€Vdict + to

  1. When the result of the condition can be predicted naturally
  2. When the result is known to happen customarily
  3. When the result occurs generally and repeatedly
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใ่กŒใใจๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆœ่ตทใใ‚‹ใจ้ก”ใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ†ฌใซใชใ‚‹ใจๅฏ’ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปIf you go straight, you will find a school
ใƒปWhen I wake up in the morning, I wash my face
ใƒปWhen winter comes, It gets cold

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if it includes speakers intention, judgment, permission, opinion, request and etc.


tara

Conditional-Form

โ‘กใ€€taraifใƒปwhen

โšญใ€€Vta + ra

  1. When the result of the condition can be predicted naturally
  2. When the condition and result occurs only once
  3. When you express volition, requests, invitations, make suggestions
  4. When you express hypothetical conditions
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใ่กŒใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅฎถใซใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆš‡ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ๅฑฑใธ่กŒใใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰้ฃŸในใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†
ใƒปIf you go straight, there is a school
ใƒปIf it rains tomorrow, I'll stay home
ใƒปWhen I'm free, I want to go to the mountains
ใƒปWhat should I buy?
ใƒปYou can try it if you want
ใƒปHow about a cup of coffee?

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if it is not chronological order


ba

Conditional-Form

โ‘ขใ€€baifใƒปwhen

โšญใ€€Vcmd-stem + ba

  1. When the result of the condition can be predicted naturally
  2. When the result occurs generally and repeatedly
  3. When you express universal truth and customs
  4. When you express to do something (should/wish)
  5. When you are seeking advice (how to/when to/where to/whom/what to)
ใƒปใพใฃใ™ใ่กŒใ‘ใฐๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๅ†ฌใซใชใ‚Œใฐๅฏ’ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆณจๆ–‡ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ„ใค็”ณใ—่พผใ‚ใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒป่ชฐใซ่žใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ„ใใ‚‰ๆ‰•ใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซๆฅใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๆ–ฐๅฎฟใธใฉใ†่กŒใ‘ใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปIf you go straight, there is a school
ใƒปWhen winter comes, it gets cold
ใƒปIf I study more, my Japanese will improve
ใƒปI should have studied harder
ใƒปHow do I place an order?
ใƒปWhen do I need to apply?
ใƒปWho should I ask?
ใƒปHow much do I have to pay?
ใƒปWhat time should I come?
ใƒปHow can I get to Shinjuku?

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if S2 includes something negative (S2 is usually a positive outcome)


nara

Conditional-Form

โ‘ฃใ€€nara

โšญใ€€Vdict + naraifใƒปif it is the case

  1. When you express advice, requests, invitations
  2. When you express S1->S2, or S2->S1
  3. When you include what the other person said or thoughts is confirmed and used as condition
ใƒป้ ญใŒ็—›ใ„ใชใ‚‰ๅฏใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใชใ‚‰้‹่ปขใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใŒ่กŒใใชใ‚‰็งใ‚‚่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใซ่กŒใใชใ‚‰ใŠใ‚„ใค่ฒทใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
ใƒปIf your head hurts, you'd better get some sleep
ใƒปI don't drive if I'm going to drink
ใƒปIf Mr. Tanaka is going, I'm going too
ใƒปIf you're going to the convenience store, could you please buy me a snack?

(โœ–๏ธŽ) It cannot be used if the results mere fact which occurs naturally


Vres

โ‘  Continuous-StateใƒปExisting-ConditionResultative

Describes the current state or condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence.

โšญใ€€Vte + iru

ใƒปใ„ใ„ๅคฉๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚็ฉบใŒๆ™ดใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅฆนใฏ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปใŠๅบ—ใŒ้–‹ใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒใ—ใพใฃใฆใ„ใฆๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„
ใƒปๆฐดๆงฝใฎ้ญšใŒๆญปใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปIt's a beautiful day. The sky is clear
ใƒปMy sister is married
ใƒปThe shop is open!
ใƒปThe door is locked and I can't get in
ใƒปThe fish in the tank is dead

โ‘กใ€€Existing-ConditionResultative

Describes the current condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence.
Transitive verbs are being used in this case.
Indicates that the past occurrence was done by someone and not by you.

Vte + aru

ใƒปๆˆธใŒ้–‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅ†ทใ‚„ใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๅฃใซใ‚ซใƒฌใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใŒใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ  
ใƒปๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใซๆ˜ผใ”ใฏใ‚“ใฏ็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒใƒณใ—ใฆ้ฃŸในใฆใญ
ใƒปThe door has been opened (by someone)
ใƒปThe beer is already chilled
ใƒปThe calendar has been changed on the wall
ใƒปThe lunch have been prepared in the fridge, so just chill and eat

Vprog

Continuous-ActionProgressive

Describes the progressive action that is taking place.

โšญใ€€Vte + iru

ใƒปๅผŸใฏไปŠๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฏไปŠ็ตตใ‚’ๆใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅ9ๆ™‚ใ”ใ‚ใƒใƒผใง้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‘ใ„ใŒๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฏใฏไปŠๅฐๆ‰€ใง้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎไป•ๅบฆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™  
ใƒป็ˆถใฏ่ฒฟๆ˜“ไผš็คพใซๅ‹คใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™ 
ใƒปMy brother is studying now.
ใƒปI'm painting now
ใƒปI was in a bar drinking yesterday around nine o'clock
ใƒปKei is reading a book
ใƒปMy mother is in the kitchen preparing a meal
ใƒปMy father works for a trading company

Vrep

HabitualใƒปRoutineRepititive

Describes a habitual or repeated action.

โšญใ€€Vte + iru

ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅบ—ใงใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„้‡Ž่œใ‚’ๅฃฒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅผŸใฏไธญๅญฆใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปใŠๅฎ…ใงใฏใฉใ‚“ใชๆ–ฐ่žใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅฅๅบทใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆฏŽๆ—ฅไธ€ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚‰ใ„ๆญฉใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปThat vegetable store sells fresh vegetables
ใƒปMy younger brother attends junior high school
ใƒปWhich newspaper do you read?
ใƒปI walk for about an hour every day to keep fit

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Compounds


Grammar

Particles

Single Particle

ใŒ

The general concept of ga particle is that it marks the main actor or the noun being described in the sentence.

โ‘ ใ€€Subject of the sentence

โšญใ€€Noun + ga
ใƒปใ‚ใใ“ใซ็ŠฌใŒใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๆœ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒป็ด…่‘‰ใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅๅ‹้”ใŒๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปThere is a dog over there
ใƒปIt rained this morning
ใƒปThere is a book 
ใƒปThe color of the leaves are beautiful
ใƒปA friend of mine is coming today

โ‘กใ€€Expresses desire, need, ability or option

โšญใ€€Noun + ga + Vtai/Vpot
โšญใ€€Noun + ga + suki/kirai/hoshii
โšญใ€€Noun + ga + dekiru/wakaru/iru
ใƒปใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„
ใƒป่‹ฑ่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใพใ™
ใƒปใ™ใ—ใŒๅฅฝใ
ใƒป่ปŠใŒใปใ—ใ„
ใƒปใ‚„ใ•ใ„ใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๆ–™็†ใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆผขๅญ—ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒใใซใฏใŠ้‡‘ใŒใ„ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‹ๅˆบๆฟ€ใŒใปใ—ใ„
ใƒปไป–ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใŒใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„
ใƒปI want to eat ice cream
ใƒปI can speak english
ใƒปI like sushi
ใƒปI want a car
ใƒปI donโ€™t like vegetable
ใƒปI canโ€™t cook
ใƒปDo you understand the meaning of this kanji?
ใƒปTo go to Japan, one needs money
ใƒปI want some stimulus
ใƒปI want to do a different job

โ‘ขใ€€Ga follows an interrogative pronoun

โšญใ€€Question-word + ga + verb/adjective/noun
ใƒป่ชฐใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ‹
ใƒป่ชฐใŒๆœฌใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใ‚ŒใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปไฝ•ใŒๅ•้กŒใชใฎใ‹
ใƒป่ƒŒๆ™ฏใซใฏไฝ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
ใƒปWho came?
ใƒปWhose book is this?
ใƒปWhich is better?
ใƒปWhat is the problem?
ใƒปWhat is in the background?  

โ‘ฃใ€€Modifying clause uses Ga instead of Wa

โšญใ€€Noun Phrase + ga
ใƒป็งใŒๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸใงใ™
ใƒปThis is a photograph that I took

โ‘คใ€€Ga follows a noun that describe by an adjective

โšญใ€€Noun + ga + adjective
ใƒป็ฉบใŒๆš—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒป้ƒจๅฑ‹ใŒใ‚ใคใ„
ใƒปๅ…ฌๅœ’ใŠ่ŠฑใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปThe sky is dark
ใƒปThe room is hot
ใƒปThe flowers in the park are beautiful

โ‘ฅใ€€Ga with intransitive verbs

โšญใ€€Noun + ga + verb
ใƒป้›ปๆฐ—ใŒๆถˆใˆใŸ
ใƒปใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‰ใพใ‚‹
ใƒปThe lights went off
ใƒปThe door closes

โ‘ฆใ€€Describing five senses

โšญใ€€Noun (senses) + ga + verb
ใƒปใ„ใ„ๅŒ‚ใ„ใŒใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”˜ใ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆณขใฎ้ŸณใŒใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปIt smells good
ใƒปIt tastes sweet
ใƒปI hear the sound of the waves

โ‘งใ€€Introductory Clause

โšญใ€€desu + ga
ใƒปใใฎ็‚นใงใ™ใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆไธ‹ใ•ใ„
ใƒปAs for that point, please explain more in detail

โ‘จใ€€But - conjunction

โšญใ€€sentence + ga + sentence
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏไธ€ๆ™ฉไธญ่€ƒใˆใŸใŒๅๆกˆใฏๆตฎใ‹ใฐใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปI pondered all night but could not come up with any great ideas

โ‘ฉใ€€Explanatory, Reasoning, Opinion, Request, Fetching Information

โšญใ€€ndesu + ga
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆ—ฅไผ‘ๆš‡ใ‚’ใจใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒโ€ฆ
ใƒปI would like to take one more day of vacation..

ใฏ

โ‘ ใ€€Topic marker followed by comment or explanation

โšญใ€€Noun + wa
ใƒป็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™  
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฏๅคงๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™  
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ 
ใƒปI am a student
ใƒปThat person is Oyama-san
ใƒปThis book is difficult

โ‘กใ€€Negative sentence

โšญใ€€Noun + wa + .. ~nai
ใƒป็งใฏใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“   
ใƒป็งใฏ่ปŠใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป้‡Ž่œใฏ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปI wonโ€™t go
ใƒปI do not have a car
ใƒปI am not eating vegetables

โ‘ขใ€€Emphatic particle

โšญใ€€Noun + wa
ใƒปใŠ้‡‘ใฏๅƒ•ใŒๆ‰•ใ†ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๅฎฟ้กŒใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๆธˆใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปAs for the money, I will pay for it
ใƒปAs for the homework, I have already finished it

โ‘ฃใ€€Contrastive sentence

โšญใ€€X wa .. ga , Y wa
ใƒป่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒไธญๅ›ฝ่ชžใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปI understand English but I donโ€™t understand Chinese

ใ‚’

โ‘ ใ€€Direct object of the verb(vt)

โšญใ€€Noun + wo + .. + verb
ใƒปๆฏŽๆœใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใจๅตใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏไธ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸ
ใƒปEvery morning I eat eggs and bread
ใƒปLet's drink coffee
ใƒปI saw a French moview the day before yesterday

โ‘กใ€€Indicates place of passage

โšญใ€€Noun + wo + .. + verb(walk/cross)
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๆฉ‹ใ‚’ๆธกใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็Šฌใจไธ€็ท’ใซๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‚’ๆ•ฃๆญฉใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ณฅใซใชใฃใฆ็ฉบใ‚’้ฃ›ใณใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปCross that bridge
ใƒปI went walking in the park with the dog
ใƒปI want to be a bird and fly

โ‘ขใ€€Place of departure

โšญใ€€Noun + wo + .. + verb(get off/out of/go out/leave)
ใƒปๅœฐไธ‹้‰„ใ‚’้™ใ‚Šใฆใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใƒใ‚นใ‚’้™ใ‚Šใฆ5ๅˆ†ใใ‚‰ใ„ๆญฉใใพใ™
ใƒปไป•ไบ‹็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆไผš็คพใ‚’ๅ‡บใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใฏใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๅ‡บใฆๅทฆๅดใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆฏŽๆœไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใ‚’็™บใฃใฆใƒ‘ใƒชใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใคใ“ใฎๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปI get off the subway and get on a bus
ใƒปI get off the bus and walk for about 5 minutes
ใƒปAfter finishing my work, I left the office
ใƒปGet out from this room and in the left hand side there is the toilet
ใƒปEvery morning, what time do you leave the house?
ใƒปTomorrow, I will leave London and go to Paris
ใƒปWhen will you be graduating from this university

ใซ

The general concept of ni is indicating a contact.

โ‘ ใ€€Place of existence inใƒปatใƒปon

โšญใ€€Place + ni + verb
โšญใ€€Stative Verb: ใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚ใ‚‹
โšญใ€€Verb-te + iru/aru: ๆšฎใ‚‰ใ™ใƒปๆ นใ–ใ™ใƒปๆฎ‹ใ‚‹ใƒป่ฝใก็€ใใƒปไฝใ‚€ใƒปๆณŠใพใ‚‹ใƒปๅ‹คใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปๆตฎใ‹ใถใƒปๆจชใŸใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒปๅบงใ‚‹ใƒป็ซ‹ใค
ใƒป้ง…ใฎๅ‰ใซใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฎๅฎถๆ—ใฏ้ฆ™ๆธฏใซใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆœบใฎไธŠใซๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็งใŸใกใฏๆฑไบฌ้ง…ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใฆใ”ใ‚‰ใ‚“ใ“ใฎๆฑ ใซใ‚ณใ‚คใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๅคงๆ˜”็ซๆ˜ŸใซๆฐดใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใใ†ใ 
ใƒป้“ใซ้›ชใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใใ“ใซ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็”ทใฎไบบใฏไปŠๅทใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅฃใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็ตตใฏ็ถบ้บ—ใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปๅบญใซๆกœใฎๆœจใŒ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใ“ใซใŠๅ‹คใ‚ใฆใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปThere is a department store in front of the station
ใƒปMy family is in Hongkong
ใƒปThere is a book on the desk
ใƒปWe live in a place near Tokyo station
ใƒปLook, there are many carp in this pond
ใƒปThey say that a long time ago, there water on Mars
ใƒปThere is a lot of snow left on the street
ใƒปThe man standing over there is Mr. Imagawa
ใƒปThe painting hanging on that wall is beautiful
ใƒปThere is a cherry tree standing in the yard
ใƒปWhere do you work?

โ‘กใ€€A point in time inใƒปatใƒปon

โšญใ€€Time + ni
ใƒปๆ˜จๅคœ12ๆ™‚ใซๅฏใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฏŽ้€ฑ้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใซใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๆœใฏ5ๆ™‚ๅŠใซๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๆฏŽๆœๅ…ญๆ™‚ๅŠใซ่ตทใใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๅนด4ๆœˆใซๆ—ฅๆœฌใธๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI went to bed at midnight last night
ใƒปThere is a test every Friday
ใƒปI left the house at 5:30 this morning
ใƒปI wake up at 6:30 every morning
ใƒปI'm going to see a movie on Sunday
ใƒปI came to Japan in April of this year

โ‘ขใ€€DirectionใƒปDestination go toใƒปcome toใƒปreturn to

โšญใ€€Place + ni
ใƒปไปŠๆ™ฉๅ‹้”ใŒ็งใฎๅฎถใซๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปๆธ‹่ฐทใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅไผš็คพใซ่กŒใฃใฆๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅคœๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใฆใ‚ทใƒฃใƒฏใƒผใ‚’ๆตดใณใพใ™
ใƒปMy friends are coming to my house tonight
ใƒปI'm going to Shibuya
ใƒปI go to the office every day to work
ใƒปI'll go home at night and take a shower 

โ‘ฃใ€€Indirect ObjectใƒปRecipient of Action inใƒปonใƒปto

โšญใ€€Person/Object + ni
ใƒปๅ‹้”ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ‹ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅคช้ƒŽใฏ่Šฑๅญใซๆœฌใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๅฆนใซใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใซๅๅ‰ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป้ป’ๆฟใซ็ตตใ‚’ๆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปใ•ใ‚ใ€้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใซไน—ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปI called a friend
ใƒปTaro lent Hanako a book
ใƒปI gave some money to my sister
ใƒปWrite your name here
ใƒปI drew a picture on the blackboard
ใƒปCome on, it's time to get on the plane

โ‘คใ€€SourceใƒปAgent byใƒปfrom

โšญใ€€Person + ni + (passiveใƒปreceptive verb)
ใƒป็งใฏ็ˆถใซ่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏใ™ใ‚Šใซ่ฒกๅธƒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏ่ปŠใซๆณฅใ‚’ใฏใญใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปI got/had my car bought by my father
ใƒปI got/had my English taught by an American 
ใƒปI got/had my wallet robbed by a pickpocket
ใƒปI got/had splashed with mud by a car

ใฎ

โ‘ ใ€€Relative position inใƒปatใƒปon

โšญใ€€Noun + no + ueไธŠใƒปshitaไธ‹ใƒปtonari้šฃใƒปmaeๅ‰ใƒปyokoๆจชใƒปushiroๅพŒใ‚ใƒปmukouๅ‘ใ“ใ†ใƒปsobaใใฐใƒปnakaไธญใƒปaida้–“
ใƒป็ฎฑใฎไธญใซ็ŒซใŒใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆœบใฎไธŠใซใƒšใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธ‹ใซ็ŠฌใŒใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป้ง…ใฎๅ‰ใซใƒฉใƒผใƒกใ‚“ๅฑ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปThere's a cat in the box
ใƒปThere's a pen on top of the desk.
ใƒปThere's a dog under the table
ใƒปThere is a ramen shop in front of the station

โ‘กใ€€Possession ofใƒปwithใƒปbelong to

โšญใ€€Noun + no + Noun
ใƒป็งใฎ่ปŠ
ใƒป็ˆถใฎ้ด
ใƒปๆณขใฎ้Ÿณ
ใƒปๅ›ใฎๆœฌ
ใƒปMy car
ใƒปMy Father's Shoes
ใƒปSound of waves
ใƒปYour book

โ‘ขใ€€AffiliationใƒปDescription ofใƒปbyใƒปnounโ€™s noun

โšญใ€€Noun + no + Noun
ใƒปๅญฆๆ กใฎๆฐดๆณณใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒ–
ใƒป้ˆดๆœจใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆœฌ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็คพ้•ทใฎ็ง˜ๆ›ธใงใ™
ใƒป็†็ง‘ใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใงใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใงใ™
ใƒปๅŒ—ๆตท้“ใฎๅ†ฌใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใญ
ใƒป็ง‹็”ฐใฎๆตทๅฒธใฏ็ถบ้บ—ใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปใ“ใฎ็ดซใฎ่Šฑใฏใชใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปSchool's swimming club
ใƒปBook by Mr.suzuki/Suzuki-san's book
ใƒปShe's the president's secretary
ใƒปA science teacher
ใƒปJapanese textbook
ใƒปHokkaidoโ€™s winter must be cold, isn't it?
ใƒปThe coast of Akita is beautiful
ใƒปWhat do you call this purple flower?

โ‘ฃใ€€Informal question ? (rising intonation)

โšญใ€€Noun + no + Noun
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆฅใชใ„ใฎ?
ใƒป้’ๆฃฎใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใฎ?
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ๅ›ใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใฎ?
ใƒปYou are not coming tomorrow?
ใƒปAren't you going to Aomori?
ใƒปWas it you wrote this letter?

ใง

The general concept of de is setting a limit or a boundary.

โ‘ ใ€€Place of action at

โšญใ€€Place + de
ใƒปๅญฆๆ กใงๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใง้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ–ซ่Œถๅบ—ใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใงๆœฌใ‚’ไบŒๅ†Šๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI study at school
ใƒปI make a phone call at the office
ใƒปI drank coffee at the coffee shop
ใƒปI borrowed two books at the library

โ‘กใ€€InstrumentใƒปMeans byใƒปwithใƒปin

โšญใ€€Object + de
ใƒปใƒŠใ‚คใƒ•ใง่‚‰ใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆผขๅญ—ใงๅๅ‰ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ™
ใƒป้›ป่ปŠใงใ“ใ“ใธๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ง…ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒใ‚นใงๅคงๅญฆใธ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปCut the meat with a knife
ใƒปWrite your name in kanji
ใƒปI came here by train
ใƒปI take a bus from the station to the university

โ‘ขใ€€IngredientใƒปMaterial byใƒปwith

โšญใ€€Object + de
ใƒป่‚‰ใจ้‡Ž่œใงๆ–™็†ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใใงๆœบใ‚„ๆค…ๅญใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใงใใŸ็ฎฑใงใ™
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏ็ฒ˜ๅœŸใงไฝœใฃใŸๅ™จใงใ™
ใƒปI cooked with meat and vegetables
ใƒปWood is used to make a desk or chair
ใƒปThis is a box made of plastic
ใƒปIt's a vessel made of clay

โ‘ฃใ€€Amount of timeใƒปTime termination inใƒปat

โšญใ€€Time duration/Time + de
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†ไบŒ้€ฑ้–“ใงๅคไผ‘ใฟใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏ20ๅˆ†ใงใงใใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใƒˆใฏ10ๆ™‚ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป็งใฎใƒ‘ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏๅ…ญๆœˆใงใใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปIt will be summer vacation in two weeks
ใƒปCan this job be done in 20 minutes?
ใƒปThis concert ends at 10:00
ใƒปMy passport will expire in June

โ‘คใ€€CauseใƒปReason beacuseใƒปsinceใƒปdue

โšญใ€€Noun + de
ใƒป็—…ๆฐ—ใงๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ไผ‘ใฟใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้›ชใง้›ป่ปŠใŒๆญขใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅผทใ„้ขจใงใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‹ใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅ้€ฑไป•ไบ‹ใ“ใ†ในใซๆ„ๅ‘ณใพใ™
ใƒปI missed school because I was sick
ใƒปBecause of the snow, the train stopped
ใƒปDue to strong wind, the door open
ใƒปNext week, I'll be in Kobe because of work 

โ‘ฅใ€€Cost atใƒปfor

โšญใ€€Amount + de
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆœฌใ‚’ๅใƒ‰ใƒซใง่ฒทใฃใŸ
ใƒปใƒใƒฏใ‚คใธใฏใ„ใใ‚‰ใง่กŒใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปI bought this book for ten dollars
ใƒปHow much does it cost for a trip to Hawaii

โ‘ฆใ€€Quantity for a unit for

โšญใ€€Counter + de + amount/number + desu
ใƒปใใฎใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใฏไบŒใคใงไบ”็™พๅ††ใงใ™
ใƒปๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏใฟใ‚“ใชใง๏ผ‘๏ผ“๏ผไบบใงใ™
ใƒปๅ…จ้ƒจใงๅƒไบ”็™พๅ††ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปThose apples are 500 yen for two
ใƒปThere are 130 students all in all
ใƒปThe total cost was 1,500 yen

ใจ

โ‘ ใ€€Connect multiple nouns and

โšญใ€€Noun + to + Noun + (to)
ใƒปไปŠๆœใƒ‘ใƒณใจๅตใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใจใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใจใถใฉใ†ใŒใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป่ตคใ„ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใจ็ท‘ใฎใถใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปI had some bread and eggs this morning
ใƒปI went shopping for a refrigerator and a TV
ใƒปThere are apples and grapes on the table
ใƒปRed apples and green grapes are also on the table

โ‘กใ€€Doing together toใƒปwith

โšญใ€€Noun + to
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅๅฑฑไธ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅฅฅใ•ใ‚“ใจใ“ใ“ใธๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปไผ‘ใฟใฎๆ—ฅใฏๅญไพ›ใจไธ€็ท’ใซ้Šใณใพใ™
ใƒปๅŒ—ๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใจ่‰ฒใ€…่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฆนใฏไผš็คพใฎไบบใจ็ตๅฉšใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปMr.Yamashita came here yesterday with his wife
ใƒปI play with my kids on my days off.
ใƒปI talked a lot with Kitayama-san
ใƒปMy sister is marrying someone from work

ใ‹

โ‘ ใ€€EitherใƒปOr

โšญใ€€Noun + ka + Noun + (ka)
โšญใ€€Vru + ka + Vnai + ka
ใƒปๅคไผ‘ใฟๆตทใ‹ๅฑฑใธ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒป็ˆถใ‹ๆฏใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒป้‰›็ญ†ใ‹ใƒœใƒผใƒซใƒšใƒณใงๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๅณใฎใ‹ๅทฆใฎใ‹ๆ—ฉใๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ‚ˆ
ใƒป่กŒใใ‹่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ‹ใฉใฃใกใชใฎ
ใƒป้ฃฒใ‚€ใ‹้ฃฒใพใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ๆฅใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปI will either go to the beach or mountains on summer vacation
ใƒปI will go together with my father or mother
ใƒปPlease write with pencil or ballpen
ใƒปThe right one or the left one, Please decide immediately
ใƒปAre you going or not going, which is it?
ใƒปTo drink or not, I don't know
ใƒปTo come or not, I don't know   

โ‘กใ€€Question marker

โšญใ€€Sentence + ka
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใฉใ†ใ—ใฆๆฅใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใกใ‚‰ๆง˜ใงใ„ใ‚‰ใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใฉใ“ใ‹่กŒใใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปWhy didn't you come yesterday?
ใƒปMay I ask who this is?
ใƒปAre you going tomorrow?
ใƒปAre you going somewhere?

โ‘ขใ€€Uncertainty of action/situation

โšญใ€€Question-word + Vplain + ka
ใƒปไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ„ใคๅธฐใ‚‹ใ‹ใพใ ๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒป่ชฐใซ้ ผใ‚€ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใพใงใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆฅใŸใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปI don't know what time I'll be done
ใƒปI haven't decided when I'm going back yet
ใƒปI don't know who to ask
ใƒปI don't remember how we got here

ใ‚ˆ

โ‘ ใ€€InformingใƒปConviction

โšญใ€€Sentence + yo
ใƒปใจใฆใ‚‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒป้ซ˜ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆ
ใƒป้™ใ‹ใ ใฃใŸใ‚ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปIt's very interesting, I tell you
ใƒปIt was expesinsive, you know
ใƒปIt was quite, you know

ใญ

โ‘ ใ€€Seeking confirmation

โšญใ€€Sentence + ne
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒฉใƒกใƒณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใญ
ใƒปToday, it's cold, isn't it
ใƒปThis ramen is very delicious

Double particles

ใซใฏ

ใซใฏ target & emphasize

ใƒปๆ˜ฅใซใฏๆกœใŒๅ’ฒใใพใ™
ใƒปๅๆ™‚ใซใฏๅธฐใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™   
ใƒปIn spring, the sakura trees bloom
ใƒปBy ten o'clock, she should come back

ใซใ‚‚

ใซใ‚‚target & inclusion

ใƒป็ฎฑๆ นใซใ‚‚ๆ—ฅๅ…‰ใซใ‚‚่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ใใ“ใซใ‚‚ไบบใŒใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปI went to Hakone and also to Nikko
ใƒปThere are people there too

ใจใฏ

ใจใฏ partner & emphasize

ใƒปใ‚ˆใๆฏใจใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใธ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚็ˆถใจใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปI often go with my mother to the department sore but rarely go with my father

ใจใ‚‚

ใจใ‚‚partner & inclusion

ใƒปใƒ“ใƒซใ•ใ‚“ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ญใƒ ใ•ใ‚“ใจใ‚‚่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI spoke to Bill, and I also spoke to Kim

ใงใฏ

ใงใฏlocation & emphasize

ใƒปใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใงใฏ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ไผš็คพใฎ้ฃŸๅ ‚ใง้ฃŸในใพใ™
ใƒปI don't eat at restaurants. I eat at the company's cafeteria

ใงใ‚‚

ใงใ‚‚location & inclusion

ใƒป็งใŒใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใงใ‚‚ๆณณใ
ใƒปI will swim in the pool too

ใธใฎ

ใธใฎ direction & affiliationใ€€

ใƒป็ง‹็”ฐใธใฎๆ—…่กŒ
ใƒปๅ‹้”ใธใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆ   
ใƒปTravel to Akita
ใƒปA present to a friend

ใงใฎ

ใงใฎlocation of action & affiliation

ใƒปๅฑ…้…’ๅฑ‹ใงใฎ้ฃฒใฟไผš
ใƒปDrinking party at Izakaya

ใจใฎ

ใจใฎpartner & affiliation

ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใจใฎ็ตๅฉš
ใƒปMarriage to my girlfriend

ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ

ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎorigin & affiliation

ใƒปใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ‰‹็ด™
ใƒปA letter from my monther

ใพใงใฎ

ใพใงใฎdestinationใƒปending & affiliation

ใƒปๆฑไบฌ้ง…ใพใงใฎใƒใ‚น
ใƒปA bus until Tokyo station

Others

ใ‹ใ‚‰

ใ‹ใ‚‰origin - from

โšญใ€€place + kara
ใƒปๆฅ้€ฑๅ›ฝใ‹ใ‚‰็ˆถใŒๆฅใพใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒใ‚นใฏ้ง…ใฎๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใพใ™
ใƒปNext week, my father is coming from home (home country)
ใƒปThis bus leaves from in front of the station
โšญใ€€time + kara
ใƒปไปŠๆ™ฉ8ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ™
ใƒป้Š€่กŒใฏๆœ9ๆ™‚ใงใ™
ใƒปI will watch television from 8 o'clock tonight
ใƒปThe bank opens at nine o'clock in the morning
โšญใ€€person + kara
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่Šฑใฏ็งใฎๅ‹้”ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
ใƒปThis flower is from my friend

ใพใง

ใพใงend point of a duration or motion - untilใƒปup to

โšญใ€€place + made
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใฏใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใพใง่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒป้ง…ใพใง่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใง่กŒใใพใ™
ใƒปThis plane is going to London
ใƒปI will go by bicycle until the train station
โšญใ€€time + made
ใƒป5ๆ™‚ๅŠใพใงไผš็คพใงๅƒใใพใ™
ใƒป9ๆœˆใพใงๆ—ฅๆœฌใซใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปI work at the company until five thirty
ใƒปI will be in Japan until September
โšญใ€€Number-Counter + made
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒ›ใƒผใƒซใฏไบŒๅƒไบบใพใงๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™
ใƒปไบ”ๆžšใพใงใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„    
ใƒปThis hall can accommodate up to 2,000 people
ใƒปPlease make up to five copies
โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai + made
ใƒป้ฃ›่กŒๆฉŸใŒๅ‡บใ‚‹ใพใงใƒญใƒ“ใƒผใงๅ‹้”ใจ่ฉฑใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒป็งใŒ่กŒใใพใงใ†ใกใงๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„    
ใƒปI was talking to a friend in the lobby until the plane left
ใƒปPlease wait at home until I get there

ใพใงใซend point of a quick duration or motion - byใƒปby the timeใƒปbefore

โšญใ€€N/Vru/Vnai + made
ใƒปๅ‹้”ใŒใ†ใกใซๆฅใ‚‹ใพใงใซใ€ไผš็คพใซใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚’้€ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎๆ˜ผใพใงใซ้Š€่กŒใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“    
ใƒปI'll send an email to the company by the time my friend comes
ใƒปI have to go to the bank by/before noon tomorrow

ใ ใ‘

ใ ใ‘limitation - justใƒปonlyใƒปmerelyใƒปthat's all

โšญใ€€Noun/Adj/Verb + dake
ใƒปใ‚†ใใ•ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ญšใ ใ‘ใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸ    
ใƒป้ญšใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸใ ใ‘ใ     
ใƒปๆœฌใ ใ‘ใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚ŠใŸ
ใƒปๆœฌใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚ŠใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™  
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅฎถใฏๅคงใใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใ™   
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใ ใ‘ใŒ็งใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹   
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ ใ‘ใŠๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™   
ใƒปใ“ใฎใŠ่“ๅญใฏใ„ใ‚ใŒ็ถบ้บ—ใชใ ใ‘ใงใ™    
ใƒปๆœใฏใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ไธ€ๆฏ้ฃฒใ‚€ใ ใ‘ใงใ™    
ใƒปOnly Yuki-san came
ใƒปI ate only fish
ใƒปI just ate a fish
ใƒปI borrowed only books 
ใƒปI just borrowed a book
ใƒปThis house is just big
ใƒปOnly he undestands me
ใƒปI'll borrow it for just a little while
ใƒปThis cake is just pretty colors
ใƒปI just drink a cup of coffee in the morning

Combined Particles

Combined particles are short functional words which indicates grammatical relations between sentence elements or propositional relations between statements.

Structure

โ‘ ใ€€Prt. + VteใƒปVnn-stemใƒปVru

ใƒปใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใƒปใซ้–ขใ—ใƒปใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹

โ‘กใ€€Prt. + Noun + Prt.

ใƒปใฎใŸใ‚ใซใƒปใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซ

โ‘ขใ€€Noun + Prt.

ใƒปๆฌก็ฌฌใงใƒปไธŠใง

General Info

โ‘ ใ€€Preceding elements

Mostly compound particle marks only nouns; some compound particle marks verbs or sentences as well as nouns

โ‘กใ€€Form

Combine particles appear in either pre-nominal or pre-verbal form

Pre-Nominal Form Modifying a noun

Noun/Verb + Compound Particle (Prt. + Vru/Vte+no) + Noun
Noun/Verb + Compound Particle (Prt. + Noun+no) + Noun
ใƒปๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅคขใ‚’่ชžใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซๅฝ“ใŸใฃใฆใฎๆณจๆ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝผใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใฏ็›ธๅฝ“ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ   
ใƒปไปŠๅค–ๅ›ฝไบบใฎใŸใ‚ใฎๅ’Œ่‹ฑ่พžๅ…ธใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ 
ใƒปHe talked about his dreams for the future
ใƒปThere's a caveat in doing this job
ใƒปHis knowledge of computers is quite impressive
ใƒปI am writing a Japanese-English dictionary for foreigners

Pre-Verbal Form Modifying a verb

Noun/Verb + Compound Particle + .. + Verb
ใƒปไบบใฏๅนดใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆ่จ˜ๆ†ถๅŠ›ใŒ่กฐใˆใ‚‹  
ใƒปๅบ—ๅ“กใ•ใ‚“ใฏใŠๅฎขๆง˜ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไธๅฏงใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ•™ใˆๆ–นใŒ้•ใ†   
ใƒปAs people get older, their memory declines
ใƒปWith the customers, the shop assistant uses polite language
ใƒปDepending on a teacher, the teacher method differs

Additional Notes:

Noun Modification (Pre-Nominal Form)
ni yoru + noun
โœ– ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹็”ณใ—่พผใ‚€                
โœ” ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹็”ณใ—่พผใฟใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹           
Verb Modification (Pre-Verbal Form)
ni yotte
โœ” ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็”ณใ—่พผใ‚€              
โœ” ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็”ณใ—่พผใฟใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹     

โ‘ขใ€€Topic marker

Some pre-verbal compound particles are followed by the topic marker ใฏ to introduce topical phrases
ใƒปใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆใฏใƒปใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ

Examples


Grammatical Patterns

Usage

BeginnerใƒปIntermediate

Comparison

โ‘ ใ€€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š โ—ฆ is more or less.. than

โšญใ€€N1 wa ~ N2 + yori + (mo)
N1 is more or less than N2 (standard)
Compares a topic to a separate standard
Superlatives are expressed by interrogatives
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆš–ใ‹ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏๅ‰ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใ‚ˆใ‚Šไพฟๅˆฉใงใ™
ใƒปๆฐดใฏ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡ใ„
ใƒปใ‹ใŸใ‹ใชใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏๆผขๅญ—ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜“ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒป็ˆถใฏๅฎถๆ—ใฎไธญใงใ ใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใ่ตทใใพใ™ 
ใƒปไบบ้–“ใฎๅ‘ฝใฏไฝ•ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ›ใคใงใ™
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ญšใฎๆ–นใŒๅฅฝใใ 
ใƒปไปŠๅนดใฎๅ†ฌใฏๆ˜จๅนดใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฏ’ใ„
ใƒปไป•ไบ‹ใฏๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅคงๅค‰ใ ใฃใŸ

โ‘กใ€€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š~ใฎๆ–นใŒ โ—ฆ than ~ is better

โšญใ€€N1 + yori + N2 nohouga
โšญใ€€V1 + yori + V2 houga
Compares two things and wants to say that one item is a greater or lesser degree of some attribute than the other
Can be appended on other parts of speech other than nouns
ใƒปใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅ“็‰ฉใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใฎๅ“็‰ฉใฎๆ–นใŒๅฎ‰ใ„ 
ใƒป็งใฏๆตทใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฑฑใฎๆ–นใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ 
ใƒป็งใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ้…’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใฎๆ–นใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ้ฃฒใฟใพใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅบ—ใฏๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใ‚„็ซๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎๆ–นใŒใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚„ใ‚‰ใšใซๅพŒๆ‚”ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใฏ็„ก็†ใซใงใ‚‚ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒปไธ€ไบบใง้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใฟใ‚“ใชใจไธ€็ท’ใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ๆ–นใŒๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๆฑไบฌ้ง…ใซ่กŒใๆ™‚ใฏใƒใ‚นใง่กŒใใ‚ˆใ‚Š้›ป่ปŠใง่กŒใใปใ†ใŒๆ—ฉใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใฎๆ–นใŒใ•ใฃใ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฒใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใ 

โ‘ขใ€€ใจ~ใจใฉใกใ‚‰ โ—ฆ which is..?

โšญใ€€N1 + to + N2 to dochira
Comparison of two topical items
ใƒปA:ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ด…่Œถใจใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใจใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€B:็ด…่Œถใฎๆ–นใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™
ใƒปA:ๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅใจๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใจใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒใคใ”ใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€B:ใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ 
ใƒปA:ใ“ใฎใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใจใ‚ใฎใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใจใฉใฃใกใŒใ„ใ„?ใ€€ B:ใ‚ใฃใกใฎๆ–นใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปA:ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใจ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใจใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€B:ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅฅฝใใงใ™

โ‘ฃใ€€ใปใฉใ€œใชใ„ โ—ฆ not as..as

โšญใ€€N1 + wa + N2 + hodo ~nai/masen
Two topics, N1 and N2, are not very different, but topic being taken up N1 is not same degree as N2
Not used to compare completely different things
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚‚้ขจใŒๅผทใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใฎใ†ใปใฉๅฏ’ใใชใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใƒ†ใ‚คใ•ใ‚“ใปใฉ้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎ็”บใฏไปŠใ‚‚ไบบใŒๅคšใ„ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใปใฉใซใŽใ‚„ใ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปA:ไปŠๅบฆใฎ็คพ้•ทใฏใใณใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ B:ใˆใˆใ€ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅ‰ใฎ็คพ้•ทใปใฉใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฏๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใปใฉใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆๅ•้กŒใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใปใฉๆ˜“ใ—ใใชใ„ใงใ™

IntermediateใƒปAdvance

Object of Action

โ‘ ใ€€ใซใคใ„ใฆ โ—ฆ About

โšญใ€€N + nitsuite pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€N + nitsuite + no + N pre-nominal form
Express the meaning of โ€˜about or regarding somethingโ€™
ใƒปใ“ใฎ็”บใฎๆญดๅฒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฟในใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใซใคใ„ใฆ็งใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌๆ–‡ๅŒ–ๅฒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๅคœใฏๅ›ฝใฎๆ•™่‚ฒๅˆถๅบฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌๆ–‡ๅŒ–ๅฒใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏๅคงๅค‰ใงใใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใใฎ็‚นใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅ…จ้ข็š„ใซ่ณ›ๆˆใฏๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„
ใƒปไบ‹ๆ•…ใฎๅŽŸๅ› ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ฉถๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅคขใ‚’่ชžใฃใŸ

โ‘กใ€€ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ โ—ฆ AboutใƒปRegardingใƒป In Relation to

โšญใ€€N + nikanshite pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€N + nikansuru + N pre-nominal form
โšญใ€€N + nikanshite + no + N pre-nominal form
Express the meaning of โ€˜concerning somethingโ€™ or โ€˜as to somethingโ€™
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใใฎไบ‹ไปถใซ้–ขใ—ใฆๅญฆๆ กใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ ฑๅ‘ŠใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆœฌไปถใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏ็พๅœจ่ชฟๆŸปใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใใฎๅ•้กŒใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝผใฎ็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใฏ็›ธๅฝ“ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒปใใฎไบ‹ไปถใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฎๅ ฑๅ‘Šใฏใพใ ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใชใ„
ใƒปๅœฐ่ณชๅญฆใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป่ปŠใฎไฟฎ็†ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฉใ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹

โ‘ขใ€€ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ โ—ฆ TowardsใƒปAgainstใƒปRegarding

โšญใ€€N + nitaishite pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€N + nitaisuru + N pre-nominal form
โšญใ€€N + nitaishite + no + N pre-nominal form
Express the meaning of โ€˜toward something/state/eventโ€™
ใƒป็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไฝ•ใ‚‚็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅฅณๆ€งใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใฏ่ฆชๅˆ‡ใซๆŒ‡ๅฐŽใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป็งใฎ็™บ่จ€ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅฝผใฏ็Œ›็ƒˆใซๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใฆใใŸ
ใƒป็ ‚3ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ1ใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใงๅœŸใ‚’ๆททใœใพใ™
ใƒปๅญฆ็”Ÿไธ€ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ20ๅนณ็ฑณใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒผใ‚นใŒ็ขบไฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ็Ÿญๆฐ—ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„
ใƒป็งใฎ็–‘ๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏใชใ‹ใชใ‹ๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„
ใƒปๆ›ธ็”ปใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹้€ ่ฉฃใŒๆทฑใ„
ใƒปๅบ—ๅ“กใ•ใ‚“ใฏใŠๅฎขๆง˜ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆไธๅฏงใช่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใŠๅนดๅฏ„ใ‚Šใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใฃใจ่ฆชๅˆ‡ใซใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™

โ‘ฃใ€€ใซๅฟœใˆใฆ โ—ฆ In Response toใƒปIn Accordance with

โšญใ€€N + nikotaete pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€N + nikotaeru + N pre-nominal form
Taking action in accordance with nouns expressing question, expectation, hope
Express the meaning of โ€˜to realise somethingโ€™
ใƒปไธก่ฆชใฎๆœŸๅพ…ใซๅฟœใˆใฆ็งใฏใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใซ็•™ๅญฆใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็คพๅ“กใฎ่ฆๆฑ‚ใซๅฟœใˆใฆๅŠดๅƒๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็Ÿญ็ธฎใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆถˆ่ฒป่€…ใฎใƒ‹ใƒผใ‚บใซๅฟœใˆใฆใ‚ใŒ็คพใฏๆ–ฐ่ฃฝๅ“ใ‚’้–‹็™บใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฎ่ฆๆœ›ใซๅฟœใˆใฆ็ˆถใฏใŠๆ˜ผใ”้ฃฏใซใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸ

โ‘คใ€€ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ โ—ฆ Forใƒปdepending onใƒปin Accordance with

โšญใ€€N + nioujite pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€N + nioujita + N pre-nominal form
Appends mainly to words expressing difference in level or category
Shows that if N changes, what follows will change accordingly
When followed by a noun, becomes ใซๅฟœใ˜ใŸ N
ใƒปไบบใฏๅนด้ฝขใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ็คพไผšๆ€งใ‚’่บซใซใคใ‘ใฆใ„ใใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒปใ‚ขใƒซใƒใ‚คใƒˆๆ–™ใฏๅŠดๅƒๆ™‚้–“ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ่จˆ็ฎ—ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝ“ๅบ—ใงใฏใŠๅฎขใ•ใพใฎใ”ไบˆ็ฎ—ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใŠๆ–™็†ใ‚’ใ”็”จๆ„ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
ใƒป็™ปๅฑฑใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฝ“ๆ—ฅใฎๅคฉๅ€™ใซๅฟœใ˜ใŸๆœ่ฃ…ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
ใƒปไบˆ็ฎ—ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ๆ—…่กŒใฎใ‚ณใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅบ—ใงใฏใ€่ฒทใฃใŸ้‡ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๅ•†ๅ“ใฎๅ€คๆฎตใŒๅฎ‰ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—…่กŒใฎใƒ—ใƒฉใƒณใฏใ€ใŠๅฎขๆง˜ใฎใ”ๅธŒๆœ›ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใพใ™
ใƒป่ปŠใฎ้€Ÿใ•ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ‚ฌใ‚ฝใƒชใƒณใฎๆถˆ่ฒป้‡ใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ›ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ไป•ไบ‹ใฎ้‡ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ็ตฆๆ–™ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใŠใ†
ใƒปใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ”ๅธŒๆœ›ใซใŠใ†ใ˜ใฆๅ•†ๅ“ใ‚’็”Ÿ็”ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™

โ‘ฅใ€€ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ โ—ฆ ConcerningใƒปIn regards toใƒปCentering around

โšญใ€€N + wo + megutte pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€N + wo + meguru + N pre-nominal form
Debates and conflicts occurring around certain issue
Often verbs with meanings of conflict in opinion, various debates, or struggles follow
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ๆ”นๆญฃใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆใพใ ่จŽ่ซ–ใŒ็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅœŸๅœฐใฎๅˆฉ็”จใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆไบŒใคใฎๅฏพ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸๆ„่ฆ‹ใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒป็”บใฎๅ†้–‹็™บใ‚’ใ‚ใใ‚Šใ€ไฝๆฐ‘ใŒไบ‰ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใƒžใƒณใ‚ทใƒงใƒณๅปบ่จญใ‚’ใ‚ใใ‚‹ไบ‰ใ„ใŒใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚„ใ่งฃๆฑบใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใŸ

โ‘ฆใ€€ๅ‘ใ‘ใซ โ—ฆ ForใƒปIntended forใƒปTo aim at

โšญใ€€N + muke + (ni/da)
โšญใ€€N + muke + no + N N intended for N
Intended for the noun it is associated with
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅนผๅ…ๅ‘ใ‘ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸๆœฌใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถๅ‘ใ‘ใฎ็”จ่ชžใŒๅคšใ„ใฎใงไธ€่ˆฌใฎไบบใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใซใใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธใฏๅค–ๅ›ฝไบบๅ‘ใ‘ใ ใŒๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใŒ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใใŸใ‚ใซใชใ‚‹

โ‘งใ€€ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ โ—ฆ To relate toใƒปTo have to do withใƒปTo concerned with

โšญใ€€N + nikakawaru + N N to have to do with N
Purpose

โ‘ ใ€€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ โ—ฆ In order toใƒปso that

โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai + youni
Expectation of realizing objective
ใƒป้ขจ้‚ชใŒๆ—ฉใๆฒปใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆณจๅฐ„ใ‚’ๆ‰“ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้ป’ๆฟใฎๅญ—ใŒใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ‰ใฎๅธญใซๅบงใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปใ ใ‚Œใซใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใใฃใจๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸใฎใ ใŒๆฏใซ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไบบใŒใƒใ‚ถใƒผใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅบƒใ„ไผšๅ ดใ‚’็”จๆ„ใ—ใŸ

โ‘กใ€€ไธŠใง โ—ฆ ForใƒปIn order to

โšญใ€€Vru/N+no + uede
Indicates purpose and then explain on how to achieve it
ใƒปไปŠๅบฆใฎไผ็”ปใ‚’ๆˆๅŠŸใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ไธŠใงใœใฒใฟใ‚“ใชใฎๅ”ๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใ 
ใƒปๆ•ฐๅญฆใ‚’ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ไธŠใงๅคงๅˆ‡ใชใ“ใจใฏๅŸบ็คŽ็š„ใชไบ‹้ …ใ‚’ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Š่บซใซใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ 
ใƒปๆœ‰ๆ„็พฉใช็•™ๅญฆ็”Ÿๆดปใ‚’้€ใ‚‹ไธŠใงใฎๆณจๆ„็‚นใฏไธ‹่จ˜ใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™
ใƒปใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใฏๅค–ๅ›ฝ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใฎไธŠใงใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™
ใƒป้ฃŸๆ–™ๅ“ใฎไฟๅญ˜ใฎไธŠใงๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

โ‘ขใ€€ในใ โ—ฆ For the purpose ofใƒปIn order toใƒปThinking to

โšญใ€€Vru + beku
โšญใ€€Vsuru + beku โ†’ Vsubeku
Someone tries to achieve goal they set
Clauses of requests, commands, or appeals do not follow
ใƒปใฒใจใ“ใจ้ˆดๆœจใ•ใ‚“ใซๅˆฅใ‚Œใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใๅฝผใฎใƒžใƒณใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใ™ใŒๅฝผใฏใ™ใงใซๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใŸๅพŒใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใงๅ†ๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ในใ้•ท้‡Ž็œŒใฎๅฑฑๆ‘ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใฆ่กŒใฃใŸ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญๆฐใฏ่จ˜่€…ไผš่ฆ‹ๅ ดใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ†ในใไธŠ็€ใ‚’็€ใฆ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸ
ใƒปใƒฉใƒ ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’่ฟŽใˆใ‚‹ในใ็ฉบๆธฏใพใง่กŒใฃใŸใŒไผšใˆใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

โ‘ฃใ€€ใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚(ใซ) โ—ฆ In order to

โšญใ€€Vnai + ngatame(ni) pre-verbal form
โšญใ€€Vnai + ngatame + no + N pre-nominal form
โšญใ€€Vshinai + ngatame โ†’ Vsengatame
Person in question has proactive goal he truly wishes to accomplish
Clauses containing requests, commands, or urgings do not follow
ใƒป็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚ๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผๅคœๅฏใšใซใŒใ‚“ใฐใฃใŸ
ใƒป1ๆ—ฅใ‚‚ๆ—ฉใ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅบ—ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…ๆญปใงๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ 
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅ‹ใŸใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใŒใ‚“ใฐใ‚‹ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„
ใƒป็ฝๅฎณใ‹ใ‚‰1้€ฑ้–“ใŸใฃใŸใ€‚้ฟ้›ฃๅ…ˆใฎใ“ใฎๅœฐใง็”Ÿใใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚Œใ“ใ‚Œ่€ƒใˆใฆๆ˜จๅคœใฏใ‚ˆใ็œ ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

โ‘คใ€€ใŸใ‚(ใซ) โ—ฆ In order to

โšญใ€€Vru/N+no + tame(ni) pre-verbal form
Objective of an action. Objective is given before ใŸใ‚ใซ and action to be taken follows
ใŸใ‚ใซ appends to verbs that include volition
ใƒป่ฅฟๆด‹็พŽ่ก“ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ข่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใซๅ‹ใคใŸใ‚ใซๆฏŽๆ—ฅ10ใ‚ญใƒญ่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ›ฝ้š›ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บๅธญใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒ„ใฎใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใƒ•ใƒซใƒˆใธ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปไบบใฏไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ‚ใ†

MeansใƒปMedia

โ‘ ใ€€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ โ—ฆ ByใƒปBy means ofใƒปThrough

โšญใ€€N + niyotte
โšญใ€€N + niyoru + N
Describes methods or means
Not used for familiar tools or means
When followed by a noun, becomes ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ N
ใƒปใใฎๅ•้กŒใฏ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ„ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่งฃๆฑบใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆ่ชฟๆŸปใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใฎๅธŒๆœ›ใ‚„ไธๆบ€ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹
ใƒปใƒœใƒฉใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ขๆดปๅ‹•ใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผใฏไธก่ฆชใฎๆญปๅพŒใ€ๅ”็ˆถใฎๆดๅŠฉใจๅŠฑใพใ—ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ™้“ใซ้€ฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸ

โ‘กใ€€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ โ—ฆ By

โšญใ€€N + niyotte + .. (passive verb)
Subject of action of passive verb in a passive sentence
In sentences in which subjects are not living, ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ is often used where focus is on agent of action
ใƒปใ€Œใƒชใ‚ข็Ž‹ใ€ใฏใ‚ทใ‚งใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒ”ใ‚ขใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸไธ‰ๅคงๆ‚ฒๅЇใฎไธ€ใคใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒœใƒฉใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ขๆดปๅ‹•ใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฎ—ๆ•™ๅ›ฃไฝ“ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ้‹ๅ–ถใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅœฐ้œ‡ไบˆ็Ÿฅใฎ็ ”็ฉถใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใ€ไธญๅ›ฝใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใชใฉใฎๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ้€ฒใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎไผ็ตฑๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฏใ“ใฎๅœฐๆ–นใฎๆฐ‘่ก†ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใŒใ‚ŒใฆใใŸ

โ‘ขใ€€ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจโ—ฆ According to

โšญใ€€N + niyoruto
โšญใ€€N + niyoreba
Source of information of hearsay
Pattern ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ is interchangeable with ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐ.
ใƒปใƒฌใƒ“ใฎ้•ทๆœŸไบˆๅ ฑใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ไปŠๅนดใฎๅคใฏ็‰นใซๆฑๅŒ—ๅœฐๆ–นใซใŠใ„ใฆๅ†ทๅคใŒไบˆๆƒณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใใ†ใงใ™
ใƒป็ตŒๆธˆๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใฎไบˆๆƒณใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅ††้ซ˜ๅ‚พๅ‘ใฏไปŠๅพŒใ‚‚็ถšใใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ 
ใƒปๅฆนใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ๅผŸ ใฏไปŠๅนดใ€ใ‚ชใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒชใ‚ขใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠๆ—…่กŒใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใใ†ใ 

โ‘ขใ€€ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆโ—ฆ Through

โšญใ€€N + wo + tsuujite
Person who acts as intermediary, or something that serves as means to cause some event to happen
Often patterns ใ‚’ใคใ†ใ˜ใฆ and ใ‚’ใจใŠใ—ใฆ can be used same way, but
ใ‚’ใคใ†ใ˜ใฆ is understood as intermediary or means when something occurs
ใ‚’ใจใŠใ—ใฆ often has proactive meaning of acting as intermediary for doing
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใฎใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใจใฏๅ…ฑ้€šใฎๅ‹ไบบใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠๅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฐ‘้–“ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎๅ›ฝ้š›ไบคๆตใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆใ€ไธกๅ›ฝใฎ็›ธไบ’็†่งฃใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใคใงใ‚‚้€ฒใ‚“ใญใŒใงใ„ใใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™

โ‘ฃใ€€ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆโ—ฆ Through

โšญใ€€N + wo + tooshite
Person or thing is used as intermediary to cause something to happen
Often can be used same way as ใ‚’ใคใ†ใ˜ใฆ, but
ใ‚’ใคใ†ใ˜ใฆ means something is taken to be intermediary or means for some development
ใ‚’ใจใŠใ—ใฆ often has proactive meaning of acting as intermediary for doing something
ใƒป็คพ้•ทใซไผšใ†ใจใใฏใ€็ง˜ๆ›ธใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆใ‚ขใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆใฎๅฐฑ่ทใฎ่ฉฑใฏๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใŒใ‚‰ใ†ใพใใ„ใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฅญๅ‹™ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฏใ€ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๅฑ€ใ‚’้€šใ—ใฆ่กŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

StartใƒปEndใƒปLimitใƒปRange

โ‘ ใ€€ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ โ—ฆ Starting withใƒปIncluding

โšญใ€€N + wo + hajime(toshite)
Takes up some representative item; indicates everything in same group is included
Emphasizes breadth of range outside of representative element
ใƒปใ”ไธก่ฆชใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใ€ๅฎถๆ—ใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใใŠไผใˆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆ่ชฟๆŸปใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅญฆ็”ŸใŸใกใฎๅธŒๆœ›ใ‚„ไธๆบ€ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆฅใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ไฟ่จผไบบใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ๅคšใใฎๆ–นใฎใŠไธ–่ฉฑใซใชใฃใฆๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™

TimeใƒปPlace of action

โ‘ ใ€€ๆŠ˜(ใซ) โ—ฆ Whenever there is an occasionใƒปwhenใƒปat the timeใƒปon the occasion

โšญใ€€Vplain/Na-Adj+na/N+no + ori(ni)(wa)
Favorable occasion; negative phrasing usually does not follow
ใƒปใ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏไปŠๅบฆใŠ็›ฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸๆŠ˜ใซ่ฉณใ—ใใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ…ˆๆœˆๅŒ—ๆตท้“ใซ่กŒใฃใŸๆŠ˜ใ€ๅถ็„ถๆ˜”ใฎๅ‹้”ใซไผšใฃใŸ
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆŠ˜ใซใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚‰ๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใญ
ใƒปๅฏ’ใ•ๅŽณใ—ใ„ๆŠ˜ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใใ‚Œใ‚‚ใŠไฝ“ใ‚’ๅคงๅˆ‡ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆฌกๅ›žใ€ใŠ็›ฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸๆŠ˜ใซๆ—…่กŒใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ‹ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใญ
ใƒปไปŠๅบฆใ€ๆฑไบฌใซๆฅใ‚‹ๆŠ˜ใซใฏใŠ็ซ‹ใกๅฏ„ใ‚Šใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆฅๆ—ฅใฎๆŠ˜ใซใฏใ€็งใŒใ”ๆกˆๅ†…ใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปใŠๆš‡ใฎๆŠ˜ใซใฏใœใฒ้Šใณใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๅคง้˜ชใซๅ‡บๅผตใฎๆŠ˜ใซๅคงๅญฆๆ™‚ไปฃใฎๅ‹ไบบใซไผšใฃใŸ

โ‘กใ€€้š›(ใซ) โ—ฆ Whenใƒปon the occasion ofใƒปat the time ofใƒปin the case of

โšญ Vplain/Vta/Na-Adj+na/N+no + sai(ni)(wa)
To be in a special condition or when something has become a certain state
Same meaning as ใจใใซ , but because it is a formal expression, is not usually used in everyday speech
ใƒป้žๅธธใฎ้š›ใฏใ‚จใƒฌใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใšใซ้šŽๆฎตใ‚’ใ”ๅˆฉ็”จใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ˜จๅนดใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅคง่‡ฃใŒใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใ‚’่จชๅ•ใ—ใŸ้š›ใซ็พๅœฐใฎๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใŸใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ธใงใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”ณ่พผ็”จ็ด™ใฏ3ๆœˆ1ๆ—ฅใพใงใซใŠ้€ใ‚Šใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใฎ้š›ใ€่ฟ”ไฟก็”จๅฐ็ญ’ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใšใซๅŒๅฐใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆ˜จๅนดใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒใƒœใƒฉใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ‚ปใƒŸใƒŠใƒผใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸ้š›ใฎ่จ˜้Œฒใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปๅ›ฝใ‚’ๅ‡บใ‚‹้š›ใซใ€ๅ‹ไบบใ€็Ÿฅไบบใ‹ใ‚‰ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚ŠใŸใฎใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ—ฅๆœฌใธๆฅใ‚‹้š›ใซใฏ้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใŠๅธฐใ‚Šใฎ้š›ใซใฏๅฟ˜ใ‚Œ็‰ฉใฎใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ”ๆณจๆ„ใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใŠๅ›ฐใ‚Šใฎ้š›ใฏใ€ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใฎ้š›ใซใฏใ€้™ใ‹ใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใŒๅ‹‰ๅผทใฎๅŠน็އใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹

Concurrent action

โ‘ ใ€€ใŸใจใŸใ‚“(ใซ) โ—ฆ Just at the very momentใƒปas soon asใƒป just as..

โšญใ€€Vta + tatotan(ni)
Some unanticipated event begins to occur almost simultaneously with the ending of another
Describes actual events
Sentence ending cannot take expressions of willful actions, volitional words such as ใ‚ˆใ† or ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š, commands, or negatives
ใƒปใšใฃใจๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใฆๆ€ฅใซ็ซ‹ใกไธŠใŒใฃใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใพใ„ใŒใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒใ€Œใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆณฃใๅ‡บใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใซใ€้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒป้›ป่ฉฑใฎใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใฃใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใซใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใฏๆ€ฅใซใ‚ทใƒผใƒณใจใชใฃใŸใ€‚ใฟใ‚“ใชใŒๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ้›ป่ฉฑใชใฎใ 
ใƒป็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใ€ๅผทใ„้ขจใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใซไผšใฃใŸ้€”็ซฏใ€ๅƒ•ใฏๆ‹ใซ่ฝใกใŸ
ใƒป่ฌ›ๆผ”่€…ใŒใใ†่จ€ใฃใŸ้€”็ซฏใ€่ด่ก†ใฏใฉใฃใจ็ฌ‘ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒๆ•™ๅฎคใ‹ใ‚‰้›ขใ‚ŒใŸ้€”็ซฏใ€ใ‚ฌใƒคใ‚ฌใƒคใจ้จ’ใŒใ—ใใชใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆš—ใ„ใƒˆใƒณใƒใƒซใซๅ…ฅใฃใŸ้€”็ซฏใ€็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใˆใชใ‹ใฃใŸ

Sequential action

โ‘ ใ€€ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆโ—ฆ It is/was not until.. thatใƒปnot untilใƒปonly after

โšญใ€€Vte + hajimete
After speaker does something, becomes an impetus that leads to realization or new development
ใƒปๅ…ฅ้™ขใ—ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆๅฅๅบทใฎใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใŸใ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใงใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใใฎใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
ใƒปๅคงใใชไป•ไบ‹ใฏๅๅˆ†ใชๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ 
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆฅใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใ€ๅ‹‰ๅผทใฎๆฅฝใ—ใ•ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ„ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ้ข็™ฝใ•ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅƒใ‚‰ใใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆๅฝผๅฅณใจ็Ÿฅใ‚Šๅˆใ„ใซใซใชใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฉฆ้จ“ใซ่ฝใกใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใ€ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใŸ

โ‘กใ€€ไธŠใงโ—ฆ After havingใƒปuponใƒปafter

โšญ Vplain/Vta/N+no + uede
After first doing one thing, another action based on the first will occur
Verbs of volition precede or follow ใ†ใˆใง
ใƒป่ฉณใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏใŠ็›ฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸไธŠใงใ€่ชฌๆ˜Žใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
ใƒป็”ณ่พผๆ›ธใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่ชญใ‚“ใ ไธŠใงใ€่จ˜ๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใฉใฎๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไธก่ฆชใจใฎ็›ธ่ซ‡ใฎไธŠใงใ€ๆฑบใ‚ใพใ™
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€ๆ™ฉ่€ƒใˆใŸไธŠใงใฎๆฑบๅฟƒใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่–ฌใฏ่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ่ชญใ‚“ใ ไธŠใงใ€ใ”ไฝฟ็”จใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๅฎŸ็‰ฉใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸไธŠใง่ฒทใ†ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ 
ใƒป็•™ๅญฆใฎไปถใฏๅฎถๆ—ใจ็›ธ่ซ‡ใ—ใŸไธŠใงใ”่ฟ”ไบ‹ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปไบˆ็ด„ใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใฎไธŠใงใ€ใ”ๆฅๅบ—ใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ›ธ้กžใซ็ฝฒๅใฎไธŠใงใ€็ช“ๅฃใซๆๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

Progressive action

โ‘ ใ€€ไธ€ๆ–นใ โ—ฆ Will just continueใƒปmore and moreใƒปcontinue to

โšญใ€€Vru + ippouda
Change in condition will continue to proceed in one direction
Connects to verbs expressing change
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏๅฏ’ใใชใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ใฒใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€ใŠไฝ“ใ‚’ๅคงๅˆ‡ใซ
ใƒปใƒŽใƒƒใƒ—ใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๆˆ็ธพใฏไธŠใŒใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ง…ใƒ“ใƒซใฎใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏไบบๆฐ—ใŒๅ‡บใฆใ€ๆฏŽๅนดๅฎขใŒๅข—ใˆใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎ10ๅนดใปใฉใฎ้–“ใซใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๆตทๅฒธใฎ็ ‚ๆตœใฏ็‹ญใใชใฃใฆใ„ใไธ€ๆ–นใ ใใ†ใ 
ใƒป็งใฏๅ…จ็„ถๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๆˆ็ธพใฏไธ‹ใŒใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ 
ใƒปๅบƒๅ‘Šใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ€ใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆธ›ใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ 
ใƒปๅข—็จŽใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€็”Ÿๆดปใฏ่‹ฆใ—ใใชใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ 
ใƒปๅœฐ็ƒ็’ฐๅขƒใฏใ€ๅนดใ€…ๆ‚ชใใชใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ 
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅค–ๅ›ฝไบบใฎๆ•ฐใฏๅข—ใˆใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ 

โ‘กใ€€ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ โ—ฆ Just continues to

โšญ Vru + bakari da
Some change continues in bad direction
Connects with verbs expressing change
ใƒปใ“ใฎใพใพใงใฏใ‚ธใƒ ใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๆˆ็ธพใฏไธ‹ใŒใ‚‹ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ ใ€‚ใชใ‚“ใจใ‹ใ—ใชใใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„
ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ็”ฐไธญๅง”ๅ“ก้•ทใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใฏใ‚ˆใ„ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใชใ„ใ€‚ๅฝผใธใฎไธไฟกๆ„Ÿใฏๅข—ใ™ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ 
ใƒป้ธๆŒ™ใฎใจใใฎๅฏพ็ซ‹ใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใ€ๅ…šๅ†…ใฎไบŒใคใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใฏๆ‚ชใใชใ‚‹ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ 

โ‘ขใ€€ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹โ—ฆ Be doing (progression)ใƒปto be in the process of doing

โšญ Vmasu + tsutsu aru
Some event progresses in a certain direction
Specifically denotes something is in process of progression
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซใฎ็ช“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฑฑใฎๅ‘ใ“ใ†ใซๆฒˆใฟใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ๅค•ๆ—ฅใ‚’็œบใ‚ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€1ๆฏใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎไผš็คพใงใฏใ€ไผ‘ใฟๆ™‚้–“ใŒ้•ทใใชใ‚Šใ€ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„็คพๅ“ก้ฃŸๅ ‚ใ‚‚ใงใใŸใ€‚่ทๅ ดใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใฏๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚Œใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ›ฝใฏใ“ใฎ 1 ๅนดใปใฉใฎ้–“ใซๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใซๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€‚็ตŒๆธˆใ‚‚ๆฌก็ฌฌใซๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ—ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚นใƒžใƒ›ใฎ็™ปๅ ดใงใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ซใƒกใƒฉใฎไบบๆฐ—ใŒใชใใชใ‚Šใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปไบ‹ๆ•…ใ‹ใ‚‰ไธ€้€ฑ้–“ใŒ็ตŒใกใ€ๅŽŸๅ› ใชใฉใŒๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใ‚Šใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒ“ใƒซใฏใฉใ‚“ใฉใ‚“ๅปบใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ”ฟๅบœใฏๆ™ฏๆฐ—ใŒ็ทฉใ‚„ใ‹ใซๅ›žๅพฉใ—ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็™บ่กจใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ ชๅผๅธ‚ๅ ดใฏใ€้žๅธธใซไฝŽ่ฟทใ—ใŸๆœˆใฎๅพŒใ€ๆŒใก็›ดใ—ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹

Correlations

โ‘ ใ€€ใฐ~ใปใฉโ—ฆ The more..the moreใƒปthe less..the less

โšญใ€€Vba+Vru/I-Adj+kereba+I-Adj/Na-Adj+nara+Na-Adj+na + hodo
As degree of one thing changes, so does another. ใƒŠ-adjectives become ใชใ‚‰ใชใปใฉ
Also used for results contrary to what is usually expected
ใƒปๅฑฑใฏ็™ปใ‚Œใฐ็™ปใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€ๆฐ—ๆธฉใŒไฝŽใใชใ‚‹
ใƒปใŠ็คผใฎๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใฎใฏๆ—ฉใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๆ—ฉใ„ใปใฉใ„ใ„
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅไฝฟใ†้“ๅ…ทใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ‚‰็ฐกๅ˜ใชใปใฉใ„ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎ ABC ็คพใงไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅค–ๅ›ฝ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใชใ‚‰ไธŠๆ‰‹ใชใปใฉใ„ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฎ่ฉฑใฏ่žใ‘ใฐ่žใใปใฉใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใใชใ‚‹
ใƒป่€ƒใˆใ‚Œใฐ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใปใฉใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใใชใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฏ่ฉฑใ›ใฐ่ฉฑใ™ใปใฉไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉ้ข็™ฝใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใใ“ใซๅฑ…ใ‚Œใฐๅฑ…ใ‚‹ใปใฉใใฎๅœŸๅœฐใŒๅฅฝใใซใชใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚„ใ‚Œใฐใ‚„ใ‚‹ใปใฉๆ‚ชใใชใ‚‹

โ‘กใ€€ใซใคใ‚Œใฆโ—ฆ Asใƒปin proportion toใƒปwith

โšญใ€€Vru/N + nitsurete/nitsure
As level expressed before pattern changes, becomes reason for change arising after pattern
Words expressing change come before and after pattern
Phrases expressing speakerโ€™s intentions(ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š) or appeals to others (Vใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† , letโ€™s V) do not follow
ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ใŒใŸใคใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใฎใจใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠใฎใ†ใกใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใŠใ“ใ†
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅ‹้”ใŒๅข—ใˆใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฎ็”ŸๆดปใŒๆฅฝใ—ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๆธฉๅบฆใŒไธŠใŒใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๆฐดใฎๅˆ†ๅญใฎๅ‹•ใใŒๆดป็™บใซใชใฃใฆใใ‚‹
ใƒป่ชฟๆŸปใŒ้€ฒใ‚€ใซใคใ‚Œใ€้œ‡็ฝใฎ่ขซๅฎณใฎใฒใฉใ•ใŒๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๅฐ้ขจใŒ่ฟ‘ใฅใใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ใฉใ‚“ใฉใ‚“้ขจใŒๅผทใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฎ็”ŸๆดปใŒๆฅฝใ—ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๆ™‚ใŒใŸใคใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๆ„›ใŒๆทฑใใชใ‚‹
ใƒป่ฉฆ้จ“ใŒ่ฟ‘ใฅใใซใคใ‚Œใฆๅฝผใฏไธๅฎ‰ใซใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๅคœใŒใตใ‘ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅตใฏใพใ™ใพใ™ๆฟ€ใ—ใ•ใ‚’ๅข—ใ—ใŸ
ใƒป่ˆˆๅฅฎใ™ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅฝผใฏใพใ™ใพใ™ๆ—ฉๅฃใซใชใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฑฑใฏ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆใ€ๆฐ—ๆธฉใŒไธ‹ใŒใ‚‹
ใƒป้ซ˜ใๆ˜‡ใ‚‹ใซใคใ‚Œใฆๅคงๆฐ—ใฏ่–„ใใชใ‚‹
ใƒป็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚’็ฉใ‚€ใซใคใ‚Œใฆๆ›ดใซ็ŸฅๆตใŒ่บซใซใคใ
ใƒปๆ™‚ไปฃใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซใคใ‚Œใฆ็ตๅฉšใฎๅฝขใ‚‚ๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใใŸ

โ‘ขใ€€ใซใ—ใซใŒใฃใฆโ—ฆ Asใƒปin consequenceใƒปthereforeใƒปin accordance withใƒปin proportion to

โšญใ€€Vru/N + nishitagatte/nishigai
Some change will occur as consequence of another
Words expressing change both precede and follow pattern
ใƒป่ญฆๅฏŸใฎ่ชฟในใŒ้€ฒใ‚€ใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ€ๆฌกใ€…ใจๆ–ฐใ—ใ„็–‘ๅ•็‚นใŒๅ‡บใฆใใŸ
ใƒปไปŠๅพŒใ€้€šๅ‹คๅฎขใŒๅข—ใˆใ‚‹ใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ€ใƒใ‚นใฎๆœฌๆ•ฐใ‚’ๅข—ใ‚„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ”ใฟใฎๅ•้กŒใŒๆทฑๅˆปใซใชใ‚‹ใซๅพ“ใ„ใ€ใƒชใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒซ้‹ๅ‹•ใธใฎ้–ขๅฟƒใŒ้ซ˜ใพใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒป่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎๆ—ฅใŒ่ฟ‘ใฅใใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ€ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“็ทŠๅผตใ—ใฆใใŸ
ใƒป้ซ˜ใ็™ปใ‚‹ใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ€่ฆ‹ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใŒใ‚ˆใใชใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฅ‘็ด„ใซๅพ“ใ„ใ€้›‡็”จๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ไธ‰ๅนดใจใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฅ‘็ด„ใซๅพ“ใ„ใ€้›‡็”จๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’ไธ‰ๅนดใจใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅŽๅ…ฅใŒๅข—ใˆใ‚‹ใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ€ๆ”ฏๅ‡บใ‚‚ๅข—ใˆใ‚‹
ใƒปๅ—ใซ่กŒใใซใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆๆฐ—ๆธฉใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚‹
ใƒป็ตŒ้จ“ใ‚’็ฉใ‚€ใซใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ็ตฆๆ–™ใŒใ‚ใŒใ‚‹
ใƒปๅŒปๅญฆใŒ้€ฒๆญฉใ™ใ‚‹ใซใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆๅนณๅ‡ๅฏฟๅ‘ฝใŒๅปถใณใŸ

โ‘ฃใ€€ใซไผดใฃใฆโ—ฆ Asใƒปwithใƒปthereforeใƒปdue to

โšญใ€€Vru/N + nitomonatte/nitomonai/nitomonau
Something changes in response to another change
Words expressing change come before and after pattern
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๆˆ้•ทใ™ใ‚‹ใซไผดใฃใฆใ€ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“็„กๅฃใซใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒป็—…ๆฐ—ใฎๅ›žๅพฉใซไผดใฃใฆใ€ๅƒใๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใคๅปถใฐใ—ใฆใ„ใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ 
ใƒป็คพไผšใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑๅŒ–ใซไผดใ„ใ€ๆ•ฐๅญฆ็š„ใช่€ƒใˆๆ–นใŒ้‡่ฆๆ€งใ‚’ๅข—ใ—ใฆใใŸ
ใƒปไบบๅฃใŒๅข—ใˆใ‚‹ใซไผดใฃใฆใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชๅ•้กŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใƒใƒƒใƒˆใฎๆ™ฎๅŠใซไผดใฃใฆใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใง่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใŒๅข—ใˆใŸ
ใƒป็ตŒๆธˆใฎไธๆณใซไผดใฃใฆใ€ๅคฑๆฅญใ—ใŸไบบใŒๅข—ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปไบบๅฃใฎๅข—ๅŠ ใซไผดใ„ใ€่ณ‡ๆบใฎๆถˆ่ฒป้‡ใ‚‚ๅข—ใˆใ‚‹
ใƒป็ง‹ใŒๆทฑใพใ‚‹ใซไผดใฃใฆใ€ๅฑฑใฎ็ด…่‘‰ใŒ้€ฒใ‚€
ใƒปๅœฐ้œ‡ใซไผดใฃใฆ็ซ็ฝใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„
ใƒป็ตŒๆธˆ็™บๅฑ•ใซไผดใ†็’ฐๅขƒ็ ดๅฃŠใŒๅ•้กŒใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฐ‘ๅญๅŒ–ใซไผดใ„้ซ˜้ฝข่€…ใŒ้ซ˜้ฝข่€…ใ‚’ไป‹่ญทใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†

โ‘คใ€€ใจใจใ‚‚ใซโ—ฆ As..gradually..

โšญใ€€Vru/N + totomoni
When one thing changes, another does, too
Words expressing change appear both before and after
ใƒปๆ—ฅๅทฎใ—ใŒๅผทใพใ‚Šใ€ๆฐ—ๆธฉใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚‹ใจใจใ‚‚ใซๆฌกใ€…ใจ่ŠฑใŒ้–‹ใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒป็ง‹ใฎๆทฑใพใ‚Šใจใจใ‚‚ใซไปŠๅนดใ‚‚ๆŸฟใŒใŠใ„ใ—ใใชใฃใฆใใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ›ฝใงใฏๅ†…ๆˆฆใฎๆ‹กๅคงใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ไบบใ€…ใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใฎๅฎ‰ๅฎšใฏๆฌก็ฌฌใซๅคฑใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฃใŸ
ใƒปไฝ“ใŒๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚’ๅข—ใ‚„ใใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹

โ‘ฅใ€€ใจใจใ‚‚ใซโ—ฆ Together withใƒปat the same timeใƒปas well as

โšญใ€€Vru/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + totomoni
Two actions occur nearly simultaneously
ใƒปใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใ‚‹ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใฏใ„ใฃใ›ใ„ใซ้‹ๅ‹•ๅ ดใธ้ฃ›ใณๅ‡บใ—
ใƒปๅฝผใฏไบฌ้ƒฝใซ่ปขๅ‹คใ™ใ‚‹ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆๅฎถๅบญใ‚’ๆŒใฃใŸ
ใƒป่ฉฆๅˆใฎ็ต‚ไบ†ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€่ฆณๅฎขใฏ็ท็ซ‹ใกใจใชใฃใฆๅ‹่€…ใซ็››ๅคงใชๆ‹ๆ‰‹ใ‚’้€ใฃใŸ
ใƒปไฝ่—คใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ่ฆชๅ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ไบบ็”Ÿใฎๅคงๅ…ˆ่ผฉใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่ณžใ‚’ใ„ใŸใ ใ„ใฆใ€ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใจใจใ‚‚ใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใงใ„ใฃใฑใ„ใงใ™
ใƒป็—…ๆฐ—ใŒๅ›žๅพฉใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ…ฑใซ้ฃŸๆฌฒใ‚‚ๅ‡บใฆใใŸ
ใƒปๅคง้˜ชใฏๆฑไบฌใจใจใ‚‚ใซๆ—ฅๆœฌ็ตŒๆธˆใฎไธญๅฟƒๅœฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹

WithใƒปWithout

โ‘ ใ€€ใคใ„ใงใซโ—ฆ Whileใƒปincidentallyใƒปat the same time

โšญใ€€Vru/Vta/N+no + tsuideni
Uses opportunity of one event to conveniently accomplish something else as well
Clause preceding ใคใ„ใงใซ contains originally planned action, while clause succeeding describes supplementary action
ใƒปใƒ‘ใƒชใฎๅ›ฝ้š›ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บๅธญใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ„ใงใซใ€ใƒ‘ใƒชๅคงๅญฆใฎๆฃฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ‚’ใŠ่จชใญใ—ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒป่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใฎใคใ„ใงใซๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซๅฏ„ใฃใฆๆœฌใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚ŠใฆใใŸ
ใƒปไธŠ้‡Žใฎ็พŽ่ก“้คจใซ่กŒใฃใŸใคใ„ใงใซไน…ใ—ใถใ‚Šใซๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‚’ๆ•ฃๆญฉใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆž—:ๆฃฎใ•ใ‚“ใ€ๆ‚ชใ„ใ‘ใฉใ€็ซ‹ใฃใŸใคใ„ใงใซใŠ่Œถใ„ใ‚Œใฆ
ใƒป่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใฎใคใ„ใงใซใ€ๆœฌๅฑ‹ใซๅฏ„ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใฎใคใ„ใงใซใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅฎถๅ…ทใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปๅฎŸๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใŸใคใ„ใงใซๆ˜”ใฎๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใฃใฆใฟใŸ
ใƒปๅ‡บใฆ่กŒใใคใ„ใงใซ้ ผใ‚€ใฎใฏๆ‚ชใ„ใ‘ใฉใ€ใ‚ดใƒŸใ‚’ๆจใฆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹๏ผŸ

โ‘กใ€€ใคใคโ—ฆ Whileใƒปeven thoughใƒปdespite

โšญใ€€Vmasu + tsutsu
Something is done even though such is not expected. Often used when speaker regrets or confesses something
Someone does two things at the same time. Second action listed is main action
ใƒปๆ‚ชใ„ใจ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใคใคใ€ๅ‹้”ใฎๅฎฟ้กŒใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใฎใพใพๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅใŠ่ฟ”ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใจๆ€ใ„ใคใคใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใพใงๆ—ฅใŒใŸใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ‚ชใ„ใจ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใคใคใ‚‚ใ€ใ”ใฟใ‚’ๅˆ†ๅˆฅใ›ใšใซๆจใฆใฆใ—ใพใ†
ใƒปไฝ่—คใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ก”่‰ฒใฎๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใŒๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚Šใคใคใ‚‚ใ€ๆ€ฅใ„ใงใ„ใŸใฎใงไฝ•ใ‚‚่žใ‹ใšใซๅธฐใฃใฆใใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒป้›ป่ปŠใซๆบใ‚‰ใ‚Œใคใคใ€2ๆ™‚้–“ใปใฉใ„ใ„ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใง็œ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅคœใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใฆใ‚ฆใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’ๅ‘ณใ‚ใ„ใคใคใ€ใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŠใฎๆŽจ็†ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใฒใจใจใใฏๆœ€้ซ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ไผšๅ“กใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใจ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใ„ใคใคใ‚ˆใ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅฑฑใซ็™ปใ‚Šใคใคใ€ไบบใฏไบบ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹
ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏCDใงๅฅฝใใช้Ÿณๆฅฝใ‚’่žใใคใคใ€ๅฐ่ชฌใฎๆง‹ๆƒณใ‚’็ทดใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๆ™‚ใ€…่ปŠใ‚’้‹่ปขใ—ใคใคใ€้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใคใคใ€้•ท้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹

โ‘ขใ€€ใ‚’ใ“ใ‚ใฆโ—ฆ Withใƒปfilled withใƒปfull of

โšญใ€€N + wo + komete
Put love, hopes, or other feelings into something
Also often used in ๅฟƒใ‚’ใ“ใ‚ใฆ, ็ฅˆใ‚Šใ‚’ใ“ใ‚ใฆ, ๆ€ใ„ใ‚’ใ“ใ‚ใฆ, ๆจใฟใ‚’ใ“ใ‚ใฆ, or ๅŠ›ใ‚’ใ“ใ‚ใฆ (with strength)
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚ใŸใ—ใŸใกใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆใ“ใฎๆ–‡้›†ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€ๆ„›ใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆใ“ใฎๆŒ‡่ผชใ‚’่ดˆใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใซๆ„›ใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๅคซใฎใŸใ‚ใซๆฏŽๆ—ฅๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆใŠๅผๅฝ“ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ•…้ƒทใธใฎๆ€ใ„ใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆใ€ใใฎๆ›ฒใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใใ†ใ 
ใƒปๅฝ“ๅบ—ใฎ่ฃฝๅ“ใฏๅ…จใฆ่ทไบบใŒๅฟƒใ‚’่พผใ‚ใฆๆ‰‹ไฝœๆฅญใงไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™

โ‘ฃใ€€ใ“ใจใชใโ—ฆ Withoutใƒปwithout doing

โšญใ€€Vru + kotonaku
(I) usually doโ€ฆ (or) end up doingโ€ฆ, but in this case (I) didnโ€™t
ใƒปใƒ‹ใ‚ณใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฎ้›ปๆฐ—ใฏ3ๆ™‚ใ‚’้ŽใŽใฆใ‚‚ๆถˆใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใใ€ๆœใพใงใคใ„ใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็”ŸๆดปใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไผ‘ๆ—ฅใ‚‚ไผ‘ใ‚€ใ“ใจใชใๅƒใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๆ•ตใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใใ€ๅณถใซไธŠ้™ธใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒ ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซใ‚‚ๅ‹ใ ใกใซใ‚‚็›ธ่ซ‡ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใใ€ๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆๅธฐๅ›ฝใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏไฝ•ๅบฆๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใใ€็ ”็ฉถใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใŸ
ใƒปไปŠๅ›žใฏ้žๅธธใซๅฑ้™บใชไฝœๆฅญใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ไธ€ไบบใ‚‚ใ‘ใŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใใ€็ต‚ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ

โ‘คใ€€ๆŠœใ(ใงใƒปใซใƒปใฎ)โ—ฆ Withoutใƒปleaving outใƒปcutting outใƒปomitting

โšญใ€€N + nuki(de/ni)(wa)
โšญใ€€N + nuki + no + N
โšญใ€€N + nuki + nishite(wa)
Something that is normally or should be included is not
Something that should be included as a matter of course was omitted
ใƒปใ‚ใ„ใ•ใคใฌใใงใ„ใใชใ‚Š้ฃŸไบ‹ใจใชใฃใŸ
ใƒป้ฃŸไบ‹ใฌใใง1ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ไผš่ญฐใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎๆ˜ผ้ฃŸใฏ็จŽ้‡‘ใƒปใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นๆ–™ใฌใใงใ€2,000 ๅ††ใงใ™
ใƒปA:ไปŠๆ™ฉใฎไผšใฏใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใฌใใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใงใ™ใ‚ˆ B:ใˆใฃใ€ใŠ้…’ใชใ—? ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใฌใใ˜ใ‚ƒใคใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ใญ
ใƒป็”ฐไธญๅ›ใฎๅฐฑ่ทใซใคใ„ใฆๆœฌไบบใฌใใซใ„ใใ‚‰่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใชใ„
ใƒปไบค้€šๆฉŸ้–ขใฎๅ•้กŒใฏไน—ๅฎขใฎๅฎ‰ๅ…จใ‚’ๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆ่ซ–ใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใชใ„
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ็กฌใ„่ฉฑใ‚’ๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆใ€ๆฐ—ๆฅฝใซๆฅฝใ—ใ้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๆ”ฟๆฒปใฎๅ•้กŒใฏๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆใ€ใจใซใ‹ใ้›†ใพใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅ†—่ซ‡ใฏๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใฃใจใพใ˜ใ‚ใซ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

Limiting conditions

โ‘ ใ€€ใซ้™ใ‚Šโ—ฆ Only for

โšญใ€€N + nikagiri
Something special will be done for only a certain category
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅˆธใ‚’ใ”ๆŒๅ‚ใฎใŠๅฎขใ•ใพใซ้™ใ‚Šใ€200 ๅ††ๅ‰ฒใ‚Šๅผ•ใใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
ใƒป้›ป่ฉฑๅ–ใ‚ŠๆฌกใŽใฏ8ๆ™‚ใพใงใ€‚ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆ€ฅ็”จใฎๅ ดๅˆใซ้™ใ‚Šใ€11 ๆ™‚ใพใงๅ—ใ‘ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆœ9ๆ™‚ใพใงใซใ”ๆฅๅบ—ใฎๆ–นใซ้™ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฎใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™

โ‘กใ€€ใซ้™ใฃใฆโ—ฆ Onlyใƒปonly in the case ofใƒปonly at times when

โšญใ€€N + nikagitte
Emphasizes something happens only in certain occasions or in particular cases
ใƒป่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใซ้™ใฃใฆใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ‚ˆใใงใใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปใƒใ‚คใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ๆ—ฅใซ้™ใฃใฆ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚้‹ใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใชใ‚
ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซ้™ใฃใฆใใ‚“ใชใ—ใ‹ใ‚Šๆ–นใฏใ—ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ†
ใƒปS็คพใฎ่ฃฝๅ“ใซ้™ใฃใฆใ™ใใซๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใซ..

Standpoint of judgement

โ‘ ใ€€ใซใจใฃใฆโ—ฆ ToใƒปForใƒปfrom the viewpoint ofใƒปconcerning

โšญใ€€N + nitotte
Mainly appends to nouns describing people
Describes how someone in this position thinks of many ideas or inter- pretations
Often phrases (mainly adjectival phrases) expressing evaluation or value judgments follow
ใƒป็พไปฃไบบใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใ”ใฟใ‚’ใฉใ†ๅ‡ฆ็†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏๅคงใใชๅ•้กŒใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ™ฎ้€šใฎ็ตตใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใŒใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใซใจใฃใฆใฏๅคงๅˆ‡ใชๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒป็Ÿณๆฒนใฏ็พไปฃใฎๅทฅๆฅญใซใจใฃใฆใชใใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅŽŸๆ–™ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ†ใกใฎๅฎถๆ—ใซใจใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็Šฌใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใƒšใƒƒใƒˆไปฅไธŠใฎๅญ˜ๅœจใชใฎใงใ™
ใƒปๆฐดใฏไบบ้–“ใฎไฝ“ใซใจใฃใฆๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒปใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„้ธๆ‰‹ใซใจใฃใฆใ€ๅฅๅบท็ฎก็†ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใฎ็…™ใ‚„ๅŒ‚ใ„ใฏใ€ๅธใ‚ใชใ„ไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏ่‹ฆ็—›ใ 

โ‘กใ€€ใจใ—ใฆโ—ฆ Asใƒปin the role of

โšญใ€€N + toahite
As stating a position, qualification, or name when doing something
As when evaluating something
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅ‰ใซ1ๅบฆ่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎขใจใ—ใฆๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆฅใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅ’ๆฅญ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใจใ—ใฆ่ณ‡ๆบใฎๅ†ๅˆฉ็”จใฎๅ•้กŒใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใŸ
ใƒปไปŠๅ›žใฎไบ‹ๆ•…ใซใคใใพใ—ใฆใฏใ€ไผš็คพๅดใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™
ใƒปๅคไปฃใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃใงๅˆใ‚ใฆๅญฆๅ•ใจใ—ใฆใฎๆ•ฐๅญฆใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใŸใ—ใจใ—ใฆใฏ็‰นใซๆ„่ฆ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปSๆฐใฏๅŒป่€…ใจใ—ใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅฐ่ชฌๅฎถใจใ—ใฆๆœ‰ๅใ 
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๆ•™ๅธซใจใ—ใฆๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅบ—ๅ“กใจใ—ใฆๅ•†ๅ“ใ‚’ใใกใ‚“ใจใŠๅฎขๆง˜ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šๅ‰ใงใ™
ใƒปไบฌ้ƒฝใฏๆญดๅฒใฎๅคใ„็”บใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹

โ‘ขใ€€ใฎไธŠใงโ—ฆ In terms ofใƒปas far as..is concerned

โšญใ€€N + no + uede
โšญใ€€N + jou
Judgment based on seeing or thinking of what precedes pattern
Other examples of relationships with what comes before pattern are:
ๆณ•ๅพ‹ไธŠ (in terms of the law), ็ฟ’ๆ…ฃไธŠ (in terms of customs)
้ƒฝๅˆไธŠ (in terms of economics), ๅฅๅบทไธŠ (in terms of health), and ~ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ไธŠ (because of)
ใƒปใ“ใฎๆฉŸๆขฐใฏ่ฆ‹ใ‹ใ‘ใฎไธŠใงใฏไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒ้›ฃใ—ใใ†ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใชใฎใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎไผšใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅฝขๅผไธŠ้ขๅ€’ใชๆ‰‹็ถšใใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚‰ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„
ใƒปใŠๆ‰‹ๅ…ƒใฎๆฑบ็ฎ—ๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใ‚’ใ”ใ‚‰ใ‚“ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่จˆ็ฎ—ไธŠใฎใƒŸใ‚นใฏใชใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใŒ
ใƒปๅคไปฃใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚ทใƒฃใงๅˆใ‚ใฆๅญฆๅ•ใจใ—ใฆใฎๆ•ฐๅญฆใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใŸ

Viewpoint of evaluation

โ‘ ใ€€ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ(ใฏ)โ—ฆ Considering

โšญใ€€Vplain/Na-Adj+(na/dearu)/N+(no/dearu) + warini(wa)
Something is inappropriate considering what would be natural degree
Similar in meaning and usage to ใซใ—ใฆใฏ , but ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ(ใฏ)is unique in that it poses problem of inappropriateness
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎๆฏใฏใ€ๅนดใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซๆ„ๆฌฒ็š„ใงใ™
ใƒปใใฎใ†ใฎ่ฌ›ๆผ”ไผšใฏใ€ๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚ใ‚ŠใซใฏไบบใŒ้›†ใพใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎใใคใฏๅ€คๆฎตใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ‚ˆใๅฃฒใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅนด้ฝขใฎใ‚ใ‚Šใซใฏ่‹ฅใ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏไผ‘ๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ใ‚ŠใซไบบใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใญ
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅฏฟๅธใฏ้ซ˜ใ„ๅ‰ฒใซใพใšใ„
ใƒปใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ‰ฒใซใฏใ‚ˆใๅ‡บๆฅใŸ

โ‘กใ€€ใซใ—ใฆใฏโ—ฆ Forใƒปconsidering

โšญ Vplain/Na-Adj+dearu/N+dearu/N + nishitewa
Something canโ€™t be considered as matter of course considering the facts
For criticizing or evaluating outsiders; not often used about speaker
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฏๆ–ฐๅ…ฅ็คพๅ“กใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€ๅฎขใฎๅฟœๅฏพใŒใ†ใพใ„
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅŠ›ๅฃซใซใ—ใฆใฏไฝ“ใŒๅฐใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎไฝœๅ“ใฏๆ–‡ๅญฆ่ณžใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใŸๅฝผใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใใชใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใฆ่ชฟๆŸปใ—ใŸใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€่ฉณใ—ใ„ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใŒ้›†ใพใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฏ๏ผ•๏ผๆญณใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใšใ„ใถใ‚“่‹ฅใ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ„ใ„็‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚ŒใŸ

Topics

โ‘ ใ€€ใจใฏโ—ฆ Is defined as

โšญใ€€N + towa
For meaning or definition of phrases
Often found in patterns ~ ใจใฏ..ใ“ใจใ  (N is), ใ‚‚ใฎใ  (is), ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ  (has the meaning)
Same meaning and usage as ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ , but ใจใฏ is written form
In informal speech become ใฃใฆ
ใƒปๆฐด่’ธๆฐ—ใจใฏๆฐ—ไฝ“ใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใซๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸๆฐดใฎใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅญฃ่ชžใจใฏๅญฃ็ฏ€ใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใงใ€ไฟณๅฅใฎไธญใงๅฟ…ใšไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
ใƒป่ตคๅญ—ใจใฏๅŽๅ…ฅใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ”ฏๅ‡บใŒๅคšใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
ใƒปใญใˆใ€ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ฒใƒซไฟ‚ๆ•ฐใฃใฆไฝ•?

โ‘กใ€€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏโ—ฆ A..is..

โšญใ€€N + toiunowa
Explains meaning or definition of phrase
Often in patterns ~ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ..ใ“ใจใ ,..ใ‚‚ใฎใ ..ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ 
More colloquial than ใจใฏ, but has same meaning and usage
In informal speech becomes ใฃใฆใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ, or ใฃใฆ
ใƒปๆ•™่‚ฒใƒžใƒžใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎๆ•™่‚ฒใซ็†ฑๅฟƒใชๆฏ่ฆชใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
ใƒปใ€Œใ„ใŸใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใงใ€ŒไธŠๆ›ธใไฟๅญ˜ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ่จ‚ๆญฃใ—ใŸๆ–‡ๆ›ธใ‚’ไฟๅญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™
ใƒปA:็ฉบๆข…้›จใฃใฆไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ B:็ฉบๆข…้›จใฃใฆใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๆข…้›จใฎใ“ใจใ ใ‚ˆ

โ‘ขใ€€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใƒปใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏโ—ฆ Isใƒปareใƒปthat is to sayใƒปso that means

โšญใ€€N + toiumonowa
โšญใ€€Vplain + toiukotowa
Raises issues to describe with emotion essence or universal nature of something
Words expressing speakerโ€™s impressions or deep-felt emotions follow
When describing nouns, ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ is used. For phrases, ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ is used
In informal speech, becomes ใฃใฆใ“ใจใฏ or ใฃใฆ
ใƒป่ฆชใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒปๅค–ๅ›ฝใงไธ€ไบบใงๆšฎใ‚‰ใ™ๅคงๅค‰ใ•ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใชใ„ใจใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„
ใƒปใตใ‚‹ใ•ใจใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฏ้ ใ้›ขใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใฃใใ†ๆ‡ใ‹ใ—ใใชใ‚‹
ใƒป็คพไผšใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏๅคงๅค‰ใชใ“ใจใ 
ใƒปไฝ“ใŒไธˆๅคซใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป่‡ช็”ฑๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅๅˆ†ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฃใฆใ“ใจใฏใปใ‚“ใจใ†ใซใ„ใ„ใ“ใจใ 

Emphatic Expression

โ‘ ใ€€ใ•ใˆใƒปใงใ•ใˆโ—ฆ Evenใƒปso much as

โšญใ€€N + sae/desae
Cites an extreme case to express that naturally there are other factors
Often appends to the nominative as ใงใ•ใˆ
ใƒปใ‚ธใƒ ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ้•ทใใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงไผš่ฉฑใฏไธŠๆ‰‹ใ ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏใฒใ‚‰ใŒใชใ•ใˆ่ชญใ‚ใชใ„
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฆชๅ‹ใฎ่Šฑๅญใซใ•ใˆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใšใซไธ€ไบบใงๅค–ๅ›ฝใธๆ—…็ซ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆฏๅญใ‚’ๅคฑใฃใŸๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ๅธŒๆœ›ใ•ใˆใชใใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปใฎๆœฌใฏๅฐๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ•ใˆ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿใฎใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปๅฑฑใฎไธŠใซใฏๅคใงใ•ใˆ้›ชใŒๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป้ฃŸใน้ŽใŽใฆใ‚คใƒใ‚ดใ•ใˆ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจๅญไพ›ใงใ•ใˆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆ•™ๅฎคใซใ„ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใงใ•ใˆใ‚‚ๆบๅธฏใ‚’ไฝฟใ†

โ‘กใ€€ใจใ—ใฆ~ใชใ„โ—ฆ Not even

โšญใ€€1+counter + toshite + .. Vnai
Strong overall negation given by selecting some minimal unit as example
ใƒป็ซไบ‹ใง็„ผใ‘ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎใ“ใ‚ใฎๅ†™็œŸใฏ1ๆžšใจใ—ใฆๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„
ใƒปใผใใฏ1ๆ—ฅใจใ—ใฆๅ›ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใชใ„ๆ—ฅใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ
ใƒป็ŠฏไบบใŒ้€šใฃใŸๅ‡บๅ…ฅใ‚Šๅฃใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซไบบใŒไฝ•ไบบใ‹ใ„ใŸใฎใ ใŒใ€ใ ใ‚Œไธ€ไบบใจใ—ใฆๆฐ—ใŒใคใ„ใŸไบบใฏใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏไธ€ๆ—ฅใจใ—ใฆๅญฆๆ กใ‚’ไผ‘ใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใŒใชใ„
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏไธ€ๅบฆใจใ—ใฆๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„

Unrelated ExpใƒปExceptions

โ‘ ใ€€ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšใƒปใฏๅ•ใ‚ใšโ—ฆ regardless ofใƒปirrespective ofใƒปno matter

โšญใ€€N + wo/wa + towazu
Regardless of how something was or what came before, what follows will occur
Often appends to antonyms such as night and day, or rain or not rain
Patterns ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš and ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใ have nearly same meaning and usage
ใƒปใ“ใฎ่พบใ‚Šใฏ่‹ฅ่€…ใซไบบๆฐ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹็”บใงใ€ๆ˜ผๅคœใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšใ„ใคใ‚‚ใซใŽใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ€Œใ‚ชใƒผใƒซใƒปใ‚ฆใ‚จใ‚ถใƒผใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ๅคฉๅ€™ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšไฝฟใˆใ‚‹้‹ๅ‹•ๅ ดใฎใ“ใจใ 
ใƒป่ฟ‘ๅนดใ€ๆ–‡ๅŒ–่ฒกไฟ่ญทใฎๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ๅ›ฝใฎๅ†…ๅค–ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšๅคงใใช้–ขๅฟƒใ‚’ๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ“ใฎไผšใซใฏๅนด้ฝขใ€ๆ€งๅˆฅใฏๅ•ใ‚ใšใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชไบบใ‚’้›†ใ‚ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ…ฌๅœ’ใงใฏๅญฃ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš็พŽใ—ใ„่ŠฑใŒ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
ใƒป้ซ˜ใ„ๅฎ‰ใ„ใฎๅ€คๆฎตใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšใ€็งใฏใ„ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅณถใซใฏใ€ๅญฃ็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšใ€ๅคšใใฎ่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎขใŒ่จชใ‚Œ
ใƒปใใฎๅฐ่ชฌใฏใ€ๅนด้ฝขใ‚„ๆ€งๅˆฅใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš,ๅคšใใฎไบบใ€…ใซ่ชญใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹

โ‘กใ€€ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšโ—ฆ regardless ofใƒปdoesnโ€™t matter whether

โšญใ€€N + ni + kakawarazu
Whatever follows after pattern will occur no matter what happens before pattern
Often used in contrasting relationships
Same meaning and usage as ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใ and ใ‚’ใจใ‚ใš
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏใ€ๆ›œๆ—ฅใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ„ใคใ‚‚่พผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป้‡‘้กใฎๅคšๅฐ‘ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ๅฏ„ไป˜ใฏๅคงๆญ“่ฟŽใงใ™
ใƒปๅ€คๆฎตใฎ้ซ˜ใ„ๅฎ‰ใ„ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใ„ใ„็‰ฉใฏๅฃฒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆฅใ‚‹ๆฅใชใ„ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ‚ใŸใ—ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป็ตŒ้จ“ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ—ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€่ชฐใงใ‚‚ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
ใƒป้‡‘้กใฎๅคšๅฐ‘ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ”็›ธ่ซ‡ไธ‹ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใใฎ่จˆ็”ปใฏๅผทใ„ๅๅฏพใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš็ถš่กŒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปใฒใฉใ„ๆธ‹ๆปžใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€็งใฏๅฎšๅˆปใซ้–“ใซๅˆใฃใŸ

โ‘ขใ€€ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใโ—ฆ regardless of

โšญใ€€N + ni + kakawarinaku
Whatever follows after pattern will occur no matter what happens before pattern
Often used in contrasting relationships
Same meaning and usage as ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš and ใ‚’ใจใ‚ใš
ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏ็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎ้ƒฝๅˆใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’้ ผใ‚“ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅ›ฐใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝ“็คพใฏๅญฆๆ กใฎๆˆ็ธพใฎใ„ใ„ๆ‚ชใ„ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใใ€ใ‚„ใ‚‹ๆฐ—ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบๆใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปไปŠๅ›žใฎ็ ”ไฟฎๆ—…่กŒใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ—ใชใ„ใซใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฑใƒผใƒˆใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„

Quick Reference

TenseใƒปSituation
ใจใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฏใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใจใใ€ใ‚ใŒใญใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhen
ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๆ–™็†ใฎๆœฌใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใŒใ‚‰ๆ–™็†ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhile
ใ‚ใ„ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅคใฎ้–“ใ€ใšใฃใจๅŒ—ๆตท้“ใซใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThroughout the time
ใ‚ใ„ใ ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคไผ‘ใฟใฎ้–“ใซๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใ—ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDuring, When
ใจใ“ใ‚ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ™‚ๅˆปใฏ้–“ใ‚‚ใชใ๏ผ“ๆ™‚ใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAbout to, In the midst of, Just
ใŠใ‚Š๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏไปŠๅบฆใŠ็›ฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸๆŠ˜ใซ่ฉณใ—ใใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhenever there is an occasion
ใ•ใ„๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้žๅธธใฎ้š›ใฏใ‚จใƒฌใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใšใซใ€้šŽๆฎตใ‚’ใ”ๅˆฉ็”จใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhen, On the occasion of
ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅผๅ…ธใฏ๏ผ”ใ‚ไผš้คจใซใŠใ„ใฆ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn, At
ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ–ฐๅญฆๆœŸใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใŠใใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOn the occasion of
ใ†ใกใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠใฏไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ›ใชใใฆใ‚‚็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’้‡ใญใ‚‹ใ†ใกใซไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBefore you know it
ใ•ใ„ใกใ‚…ใ†๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใƒปๆ–ฐๅ…ฅ็คพๅ“กใฎๅฐๆž—ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€ไผš่ญฐใฎๆœ€ไธญใซใ„ใญใ‚€ใ‚Šใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn the middle of
ใคใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้›ป่ปŠใซๆบใ‚‰ใ‚Œใคใคใ€๏ผ’ๆ™‚้–“ใปใฉใ„ใ„ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใง็œ ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhile
ใซใ‚ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠใ€ๅ›ฝใฏ็ตŒๆธˆๆˆ้•ทๆœŸใซใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ไบบใ€…ใฎ่กจๆƒ…ใ‚‚็”Ÿใ็”Ÿใใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn, At
ใจใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎใจใใฏใ€ใ™ใใซ็ซใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใชใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.I.Na+na.N+no
ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็™บ้Ÿณใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’่žใใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn
ใ‚ใ„ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไธก่ฆชใŒๆ—…่กŒใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใผใใŒๆฏŽๆ—ฅ้ฃŸไบ‹ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vteiru.I.Na+na.N+no
ใ‚ใ„ใ ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆš‡ใช้–“ใซๆœฌใ ใชใ‚’ใ‹ใŸใฅใ‘ใฆใ—ใพใŠใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vteiru.I.Na+na.N+no
ใจใ“ใ‚ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใŒใ‹ใ‹ใฃใฆใใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vteiru.Vta.Vteita
ใŠใ‚Š๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใ“ใจใฏไปŠๅบฆใŠ็›ฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸๆŠ˜ใซ่ฉณใ—ใใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.I.Na+na.N+no
ใ•ใ„๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ›ฝใ‚’ๅ‡บใ‚‹้š›ใซใ€ๅ‹ไบบใ€็Ÿฅไบบใ‹ใ‚‰ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚ŠใŸใฎใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.I.Na+na.N+no
ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๆค็‰ฉใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ไธ€ๅฎšใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใซใŠใ„ใฆใ—ใ‹่Šฑใ‚’ๅ’ฒใ‹ใ›ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N
ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ ”็ฉถ็™บ่กจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆใ€ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.N
ใ†ใกใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใตใจๅค–ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆฐ—ใŒใคใ‹ใชใ„ใ†ใกใซ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vteiru.Vnai.N+no
ใ•ใ„ใกใ‚…ใ†๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใƒปไปŠ่€ƒใˆใ”ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœ€ไธญใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—้™ใ‹ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vteiru.N+no
ใคใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฑฑใซ็™ปใ‚Šใคใคใ€ไบบใฏไบบ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn
ใซใ‚ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ•ฐๅญฆใฏ้ซ˜ๅบฆๆƒ…ๅ ฑ็คพไผšใซใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅฟ…่ฆใชๅญฆๅ•็š„ๆ•™้คŠใจใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N

Time Order
ใพใˆใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎๅ‰ใซๆ‰‹ใ‚’ๆด—ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBefore
ใ‚ใจใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎๅพŒใงใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ•ฃๆญฉใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAfter        
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆถˆใ—ใฆใ€้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๅ‡บใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThen 
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใœใ‚“ใถใ‚„ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAfter
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆฅใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ”ๅนดใŸใกใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSince
ใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠใ†ใกใซๅธฐใฃใฆใใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใชใฎใงใ‚‚ใ†่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปJust finished, Just did
ใŸใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคไผ‘ใฟใซใชใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅ›ฝใธๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAfter
ใ†ใกใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็‹ฌ่บซใฎใ†ใกใซใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhile
ใซใ•ใใ ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ‡บ็™บใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ€ๅคงใใ„่ท็‰ฉใฏๅ…จ้ƒจ้€ใฃใฆใŠใใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs a precursor to, Before
ใŸใจใŸใ‚“๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใšใฃใจๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใฆๆ€ฅใซ็ซ‹ใกไธŠใŒใฃใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ใพใ„ใŒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใƒปAt the very moment, As soon as
ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใ‚‹ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใฏใ„ใฃใ›ใ„ใซ้‹ๅ‹•ๅ ดใธ้ฃ›ใณๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ€€ใƒปAt the same time, Together with
ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ†ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ€ฅใซ็ฉบใŒๆš—ใใชใฃใŸใ‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใจใ€ๆฟ€ใ—ใ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNo sooner than, Just when
ใ‹ใ€œใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซๅฝผใฏๆ•™ๅฎคใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปJust barely when, As soon as
ใ—ใ ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚นใ‚ฑใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใƒซใŒๆฑบใพใ‚Šๆฌก็ฌฌใ€ใ™ใ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs soon as, the moment that
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้‡Ž่œใ‚’็”Ÿใง้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ˆใๆด—ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจใ€่พฒ่–ฌใŒๅฟƒ้…ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNot until after
ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ…ฅ้™ขใ—ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆๅฅๅบทใฎใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใŸใ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIt is/was not until..that, Only after
ใ†ใˆใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฉณใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏใŠ็›ฎใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใŸไธŠใงใ€่ชฌๆ˜Žใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAfter having
ใฆใ„ใ‚‰ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใฆไปฅๆฅใ€็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใซใฏ๏ผ‘ๅบฆใ‚‚ไผšใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEver since
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ…ˆๆœˆใ€็ฆ็…™ใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ€๏ผ‘ๅบฆใ‚‚ใŸใฐใ“ใ‚’ๅธใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEver since
ใŒใฏใ‚„ใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฐ็”ฐๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใƒใƒฃใ‚คใƒ ใŒ้ณดใ‚‹ใŒๆ—ฉใ„ใ‹ใ€ๆ•™ๅฎคใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNo sooner than, As soon as
ใ‚„ใ„ใชใ‚„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚„ใ„ใชใ‚„ใใฎ็Œซใฏ้ฃ›ใณๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNo sooner than, As soon as, themoment that
ใชใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฏๆฏ่ฆชใฎ้ก”ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใชใ‚Šใ€ใƒฏใƒƒใจๆณฃใๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs soon as
ใใฐใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็งใฏ่žใ„ใŸใใฐใ‹ใ‚‰ไบบใฎๅๅ‰ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs soon as
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ€€ใƒปใŸใฐใ“ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ€้ฃŸๆฌฒใŒๅ‡บใฆไฝ“ใฎ่ชฟๅญใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ€€ใƒปFrom the time.., After, Since
ใพใˆใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซๆญฏใ‚’ใฟใŒใใชใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.N+no
ใ‚ใจใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ่–ฌใฏใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ‹ใ€้ฃŸในใŸๅพŒใง้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta.N+no      
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใธ่กŒใฃใฆใ€ใŸใพใ”ใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅฎถใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใจใใฏใ€ใ‚ˆใ่ชฟในใฆใ‹ใ‚‰่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใŸใฐใ“ใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ“้‡ใŒๆ€ฅใซๅข—ใˆใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅŽปๅนดๆ—ฅๆœฌใซๆฅใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใชใฎใงใ€ใพใ ๆ•ฌ่ชžใŒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใšใซไฝฟใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta
ใŸใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใซใ‚‚๏ผ‘ๆžšใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta
ใ†ใกใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆš—ใใชใ‚‰ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ†ใกใซๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‰ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vnai.I.Na+na.N+no
ใซใ•ใใ ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่จˆ็”ปๅฎŸ่กŒใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ€ๅ‘จใ‚ŠใฎไบบใŸใกใฎ่จฑๅฏใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.N
ใŸใจใŸใ‚“๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸใจใŸใ‚“ใซใ€้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta
ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไฝ่—คใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ่ฆชๅ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ไบบ็”Ÿใฎๅคงๅ…ˆ่ผฉใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.I.Na+dearu.N+dearu
ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ†ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅญใฏใ‚„ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‹ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ใ„ใญใ‚€ใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปโšญ Vta
ใ‹ใ€œใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซใƒปๅจ˜ใŒๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vnai.Vta
ใ—ใ ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ‘ใ“ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰้€ฃ็ตกใŒใ‚ใ‚Šๆฌก็ฌฌใ€ๅ‡บ็™บใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅ‡บๅผตไธญใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆฅ้€ฑใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจๅ‡บ็คพใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคงใใชไป•ไบ‹ใฏๅๅˆ†ใชๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใฏใ˜ใ‚ใฆๆˆๅŠŸใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใ†ใˆใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใฉใฎๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ—้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไธก่ฆชใจใฎ็›ธ่ซ‡ใฎไธŠใงใ€ๆฑบใ‚ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta.N+no
ใฆใ„ใ‚‰ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฅๆ—ฅไปฅๆฅใ€็ˆถใฎๅ‹ไบบใฎใŠๅฎ…ใซใƒ›ใƒผใƒ ใ‚นใƒ†ใ‚คใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte+irai.N+irai
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป๏ผ’ๅนดๅ‰ใซ็คพไผšไบบใซใชใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใฒใพใชๆ™‚้–“ใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใŒใฏใ‚„ใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใฒใ‚ๅญใฏ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใŒๆ—ฉใ„ใ‹ใ€ใฉใ‚“ใฉใ‚“่กŒใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru
ใ‚„ใ„ใชใ‚„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใใฎ็”ทใฎไบบใฏ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใ‚„ๅฆใ‚„ใ€ใ„ใใชใ‚Šๅคงๅฃฐใงๆ€’้ณดใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru
ใชใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๅบฆใฏๆจชใซใชใ‚‹ใชใ‚Šใปใผๅณๅบงใซๅฏใคใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru
ใใฐใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็‰‡ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใใฐใ‹ใ‚‰ๅญไพ›ใŒใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚’ๆ•ฃใ‚‰ใ‹ใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vta
ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ€€ใƒปๆฏๅญใŒๅคงๅญฆใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šๅฎถใ‚’ๅ‡บใฆใ„ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ๅฏ‚ใ—ใใชใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte

ParallelใƒปRepetition
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆœใฏใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThen
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ–ฐๅนน็ทšใฏ้€Ÿใใฆใ€ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBoth, And        
ใŸใ‚Š๏ฝžใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใซใฏใ€ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDo..and do..
ใŸใ‚Š๏ฝžใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใŒใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใงใ€ๆฐดใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใŸใ‚Šๅ…ฅใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปRepeatedly do..and..
ใฆใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆญฃๆœˆใฏ้ฃŸในใฆใฏๅฏใ€้ฃฒใ‚“ใงใฏๅฏใฎๆ—ฅใ‚’้Žใ”ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAlternately did..and..
ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ‰‹็ด™ใจใจใ‚‚ใซๅฝ“ๆ—ฅใฎๅ†™็œŸใ‚‚ๅŒๅฐใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปTogether with, At the same time
ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฆชใฏๆ•™่‚ฒๅ•้กŒใจใจใ‚‚ใซๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎๅฅๅบทใ‚„ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซใคใ„ใฆ้ ญใ‚’ๆ‚ฉใพใ›ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒปAnd in addition
ใคใ€œใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅค‰ใช็”ทใฎไบบใŒใ†ใกใฎๅ‰ใ‚’่กŒใใคๆˆปใ‚Šใคใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใชใ€€ใƒปAnd, Or, Now..now
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป๏ผ“ๆ™‚ใซใƒคใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใฆใ€๏ผ”ๆ™‚ใซใ‚ซใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใฏๅบƒใใฆใ€ๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ I+kute.Na+de.N+de
ใŸใ‚Š๏ฝžใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅŽปๅนดใฏๅคง้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅœฐ้œ‡ใŒ่ตทใใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ€ๅคงๅค‰ใงใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta+ri..Vta+ri+suru
ใฆใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็Ÿณ็”ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใ‚’่ชฒ้•ทใซๅ‡บใ—ใกใ‚ƒ็›ดใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte+wa
ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฏใใฎ่–ฌใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—๏ผ‘ๆฏใฎๆฐดใจใจใ‚‚ใซ้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.I.Na.N
ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็พไปฃใฎ่ฆชใฏๆ•™่‚ฒๅ•้กŒใจใจใ‚‚ใซๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎๅฅๅบทใ‚’ๆ‚ฉใพใ›ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.N
ใคใ€œใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๅบ—ใฎๅ‰ใ‚’่กŒใใคๆˆปใ‚Šใคใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn+tsu..Vnn+tsu

DegreeใƒปComparison
ใฏ๏ฝžใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆš–ใ‹ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปMore than, Less than
ใ‚ˆใ‚Š๏ฝžใฎใปใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅ“็‰ฉใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใฎๅ“็‰ฉใฎๆ–นใŒๅฎ‰ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIs more/less than    
ใจ๏ฝžใจใฉใกใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็ด…่Œถใจใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใจใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOf A and B.. which
ใปใฉ๏ฝžใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚‚้ขจใŒๅผทใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใใฎใ†ใปใฉๅฏ’ใใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNot as..as
ใŒใ„ใกใฐใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ่ชฒใฎไธญใงใ ใ‚ŒใŒใ„ใกใฐใ‚“ๆ—ฉใไผš็คพใซๆฅใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBest
ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ็”˜ใ™ใŽใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปToo much
ใซใใ‚‰ในใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆœฌใŒๅฅฝใใงใŠใจใชใ—ใ„ๅ…„ใซๆฏ”ในใฆใ€ๅผŸใฏๆดปๅ‹•็š„ใงใ€ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใŒๅพ—ๆ„ใ ใƒปCompared to
ใปใฉ๏ฝžใฏใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆš‘ใ„ใ‚ใญใˆใ€‚ใ€‚ใพใฃใŸใไปŠๅนดใฎๅคใปใฉๆš‘ใ„ๅคใฏใชใ„ใญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNothing is as supremely..as

Contrasts
ใฏ๏ฝžใŒใ€๏ฝžใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏใ‚‚ใ†่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ‚ใฎๆœฌใฏใพใ ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(Does) this, but not that
ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ๅฐๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ“ใฎ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใฎใ ใใ†ใ ใƒป(Exact opposite) hardly the case that, Far from
ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ่ฃฝๅ“ใฏใ‚ขใ‚ธใ‚ข่ซธๅ›ฝใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ๅ—็ฑณใ‚„ใ‚ขใƒ•ใƒชใ‚ซใซใพใง่ผธๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒป(Contrast in level) of course.., but also.. canโ€™t even
ใ„ใฃใฝใ†๏ผˆใง๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ„ใ„่ฆชใฏๅŽณใ—ใใ—ใ‹ใ‚‹ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€ใปใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOn the one hand
ใซใŸใ„ใ—ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆดป็™บใชๅง‰ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€ๅฆนใฏ้™ใ‹ใชใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(Contrast) as opposed to, In contrast to
ใซใฏใ‚“ใ—ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไบˆๆƒณใซๅใ—ใฆ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ˜“ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปContrary to    
ใฏใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‹ใ„ๅ้ขใ€ๅฏ‚ใ—ใŒใ‚Šใ‚„ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAt the same time, On the other hand
ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใซใŽใ‚„ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ไบบ้€šใ‚Šใ‚„่ปŠใฎ้Ÿณใงใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„ใใ‚‰ใ„ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปMore than calling it.., Rather than calling it..
ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ่พบใฏ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใชใฉใซไธไพฟใชไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€่‡ช็„ถใŒ่ฑŠใ‹ใงๆฐ—ๆŒใกใŒใ„ใ„ใ€€ใƒปThe other side is, In exchange, In lieu of
ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ‡บๅผตไธญใฎ่ชฒ้•ทใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn place of
ใซใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฅ้€ฑใฎๅ‡บๅผตใฏๅคง้˜ชใซใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ไบฌ้ƒฝใซ่กŒใใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปInstead of, In place of
ใซใฒใใ‹ใˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใฒใฉใ„็ฑณไธ่ถณใ ใฃใŸๅŽปๅนดใซใฒใใ‹ใˆใ€ไปŠๅนดใฏ่ฑŠไฝœใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn contrast to

CauseใƒปReason
ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใŒ็†ฑใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใใชใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSo, Since, Because
ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็”จไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใฃใฆไผšใซใฏๅ‚ๅŠ ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFor, Because
ใชใใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใใฎใ†ใฏๅคœ้…ใใพใงไป•ไบ‹ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใใฆใ€ๅคงๅค‰ใงใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSince, The fact that
ใฎใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใงใ€็ช“ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSo, Since, Because
ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใใ‚‡ใ†ใฏ้›จใ‚‚้™ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ฎใƒณใ‚ฐใฏใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAnd, Besides
ใŸใ‚๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคง้›ชใฎใŸใ‚ใ€้›ป่ปŠใŒ้…ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBecause of, Due to
ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ”ฏๅบ—ใฏไธ€ๆ˜จๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎไธๆ™ฏๆฐ—ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ€ใคใ„ใซๅบ—ใ‚’้–‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจใชใฃใŸใƒปBecause of, Owing to
ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใŸใฐใ“ใฎ็ซใฎไธๅง‹ๆœซใ‹ใ‚‰็ซไบ‹ใซใชใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFrom, On account of
ใ“ใจใ ใ—ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ—ใ€ใŠ่Œถใงใ‚‚้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚ˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSince, Because
ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็›ฎ่ฆšใพใ—ๆ™‚่จˆใŒๅฃŠใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้…ๅˆปใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBecause
ใ‚‚ใฎใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ—ฉใๅธฐใฃใฆใใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ไฝ“่ชฟใŒใ‚ˆใใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‚ใฎใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBecause
ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใปใ‹ใฎไบบใซใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIt is precisely because, That
ใซใคใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅบ—ๅ†…ๆ”น่ฃ…ไธญใซใคใใ€ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใไผ‘ๆฅญใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBecause of, On account of
ใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใŠใ‹ใ’ใงใ€ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThanks to, Owing to
ใ›ใ„ใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ…„ใ•ใ‚“ใŒไปŠๆ—ฅๆ™ฉใ”้ฃฏใ‚’ๅ…จ็„ถ้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใ›ใ„ใ ใจๆ€ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOn account of
ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ†ใฃใ‹ใ‚Š็”Ÿๆฐดใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚“ใ ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใซใ€ใŠใชใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‚ชใใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSimply because
ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎๅ•้กŒใฏๆ˜“ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใ€่€ƒใˆใ™ใŽใŸใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ€้–“้•ใˆใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใƒปSo..that
ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใฎใ€œใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๅนดใฎๅคใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใฎๆš‘ใ•ใซ้ฃŸๆฌฒใ‚‚ใชใใชใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSo..that
ใŒใ€œใ ใ‘ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆœŸๅพ…ใŒๅคงใใ‹ใฃใŸใ ใ‘ใซใ€่ฝ้ธใจใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใจใใฎๅคฑๆœ›ใ‚‚ๅคงใใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใƒปOn account of
ใ ใ‘ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฟซๆ™ดใฎๅคงๅž‹้€ฃไผ‘ใ ใ‘ใซใ€้“่ทฏใฏ่กŒๆฅฝๅœฐใธๅ‘ใ‹ใ†่ปŠใงใ„ใฃใฑใ„ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs befitting
ใ ใ‘ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ“็‰ฉใฏๅ“่ณชใŒใ‚ˆใ„ใ ใ‘ใซๅ€คๆฎตใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปPrecisely because, Contrary to expectations

ChangeใƒปIrregularity
ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใฒใพใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBecome
ใŸใ‚Š๏ฝžใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅบญใฎใใ†ใ˜ใฏ็ˆถใŒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆฏใŒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ…„ใŒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSometimes.. and sometimes..  
ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ้ฃŸไบ‹ใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ€ใ•ใ—ใฟใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใƒปBecome such that, Start to do   
ใฆใใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎๆŽˆๆฅญใฏใ€ใ ใ‚“ใ ใ‚“้›ฃใ—ใใชใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHas become, It's getting
ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไผš็คพใพใง่ฟ‘ใ„ใฎใงใ€ใจใใฉใ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใง่กŒใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThere are times

Determination
ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚น้ƒจใฎ้ƒจ้•ท๏ผš้›จใŒใ‚„ใพใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใฏๅˆๅพŒใ‹ใ‚‰ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWill have, Decide on
ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆกœใฎๆœจใฎไธ‹ใงๆ‹พใฃใฆใใŸใญใ“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ•ใใ‚‰ใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถใ“ใจใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใƒปMake up oneโ€™s mind to, I decide to
ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็”บใฎๆ–™็†ๆ•™ๅฎคใซใฏไธญๅญฆ็”ŸไปฅไธŠใฎๅญใฉใ‚‚ใ‚‚ๅ‚ๅŠ ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใƒปHas been decide that
ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎไผš็คพใงใฏ็คพๅ“กใฏ๏ผ‘ๅนดใซ๏ผ‘ๅ›žๅฅๅบท่จบๆ–ญใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใƒปThe case that.., The custom that..

PossibilityใƒปDifficaulty Level
ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏไปŠใ€ใ™ใ“ใ—ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCan
ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๅ…ฅใ‚Šๅฃใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ‚ใกใ‚‰ใฎๅ…ฅใ‚Šๅฃใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠๅ…ฅใ‚Šใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใƒปCan
ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒ‘ใƒณใฏๅฎ‰ใใฆใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ˆใๅฃฒใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCan, Do
ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏๅญ—ใŒๅคงใใใฆ่ชญใฟใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEasy to
ใซใใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใใคใฏ้‡ใใฆๆญฉใใซใใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHard to
ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใ—ใŸใฏ่ฉฆ้จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCanโ€™t
ใ‚ˆใ†ใŒใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ™‚่จˆใฏใ‚‚ใ†้ƒจๅ“ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็›ดใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใŒใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNo way to
ใ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฆชใฎๅธŒๆœ›ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€็ตๅฉšใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ไธก่ฆชใซ่จ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใ‹ใญใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCannot deal with
ใŒใŸใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใชใฒใ‚ใ—ใŒ็—…ๆฐ—ใซใชใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆไฟกใ˜ใŒใŸใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDifficult to
ใ†ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆˆๅŠŸใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่€ƒใˆๅพ—ใ‚‹ๆœ€ไธŠใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCan
ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚‚ใ€œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใชใซใ—ใ‚่จ€่‘‰ใŒ้€šใ˜ใชใ„ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้“ใ‚’่žใ“ใ†ใซใ‚‚่žใ‘ใชใใฆๅ›ฐใฃใŸใƒปCanโ€™t even though want to
ใซใ‹ใŸใใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ˆถใŒใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใฉใ‚“ใชใซ้ฉšใ„ใŸใ‹ๆƒณๅƒใซใ‹ใŸใใชใ„ใƒปCan, Easy to
ใซใŸใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ–ใ‚ใ–่ญฐ่ซ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใซ่ถณใ‚‹ๅ•้กŒใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSuffice, Worthy of
ใซใŸใˆใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ—ฉใๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใฎๆ‰น่ฉ•ใซ่€ใˆใ‚‹ๅฐ่ชฌใŒๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWorthy of, Equal to

Objectives
ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€ใƒ‡ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใธใใคใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปTo, For the purpose of
ใฎใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้›ปๅญ่พžๆ›ธใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆ€ฅใ„ใง่ชฟในใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFor
ใŸใ‚๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฅฟๆด‹็พŽ่ก“ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ข่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn order to
ใ†ใˆใงใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๅบฆใฎไผ็”ปใ‚’ๆˆๅŠŸใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ไธŠใงใ€ใœใฒใฟใ‚“ใชใฎๅ”ๅŠ›ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFor, In order to
ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ขจ้‚ชใŒๆ—ฉใๆฒปใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆณจๅฐ„ใ‚’ๆ‰“ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn order to, So that
ใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚๏ผˆใซ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ ”็ฉถใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚“ใŒใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฝผใฏๆ˜ผๅคœๅฏใšใซใŒใ‚“ใฐใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn order to
ในใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็”ฐไธญๆฐใฏ่จ˜่€…ไผš่ฆ‹ๅ ดใซๅ‘ใ‹ใ†ในใใ€ไธŠ็€ใ‚’็€ใฆ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThinking to, For the purpose of

Experiences
ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ๏ผ“ๅนดๅ‰ใซ๏ผ‘ๅบฆๆ—ฅๆœฌใธๆฅใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHave the experience of, Have..
ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป๏ผ•ๅนดๅ‰ใซใ“ใฎๅœฐๆ–นใงๅฑฑ็ซไบ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHave the situation of..in the past
ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ขใƒใƒญ๏ผ‘๏ผ‘ๅทใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ™๏ผ–๏ผ™ๅนดใซๆœˆใซ็€้™ธใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNarrative present tense

Adversative conjuctionsใƒปconsession
ใŒใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป๏ผ‘๏ผๆœˆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅๆš‘ใ„ๆ—ฅใŒ็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBut
ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉ๏ผˆใ‚‚๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ้“ๅ…ทใ€่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€€ใƒปAlthough, Nevertheless, But
ใฎใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใŒ๏ผ“ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’็„ผใ„ใŸใฎใซใ€ใ ใ‚Œใ‚‚้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn spite of the fact
ใฆใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ›ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven if
ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆพไธ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใตใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven while, Although
ใใ›ใซใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ซนๅ†…ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใฏใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚นใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใชใใ›ใซใ€ใ‚ใ–ใจ่ฒ ใ‘ใŸใ‚“ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDespite the fact that
ใคใคใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ‚ชใ„ใจ็Ÿฅใ‚Šใคใคใ€ๅ‹้”ใฎๅฎฟ้กŒใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใฎใพใพๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใƒปEven though
ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆœใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ€ใชใ‹ใชใ‹็€ใฆใ„ใๆฉŸไผšใŒใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAlthough, Not withstanding
ใจใฏใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ซ‹ๆ˜ฅใจใฏใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ€ๆ˜ฅใฏใพใ ้ ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปGranted that, Itโ€™s true, But
ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไบค้€šๅ•้กŒใฎๆทฑๅˆปๅŒ–ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่ฆ‹่พผใฟใŒๅ…จ็„ถใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven though
ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ„ใใ‚‰ๅฟ™ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚‰ใ„ใฏใ‚ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ†ใƒปNo matter how (concession), Even if
ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆ—…่ฒปใฏ้ซ˜ใ„ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚ๆ‰•ใˆใชใ„้กใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปMay be, But..in name only
ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๆ•™้คŠใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปJust because..doesnโ€™t necessarily mean
ใจใ„ใˆใฉใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ซ˜้ฝข่€…ใจใ„ใˆใฉใ‚‚ใ€ใพใ ใพใ ๆ„ๆฌฒ็š„ใชไบบใŒๅคงๅ‹ขใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven though
ใจใฏใ„ใˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฏ็•™ๅญฆ็”Ÿใจใฏใ„ใˆใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ๅŠ›ใฏๆ™ฎ้€šใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNevertheless, Be that as it may
ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฏ้‡‘ๆŒใกใงใ‚ใ‚ŠใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅœฐๅ‘ณใช็”Ÿๆดปใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven though
ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใŠๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ใ”ๅ‡บๅธญใใ ใ•ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven though
ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ใ€‚ใ‚ใŸใ—ใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปEven though..how could
ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใใ‚„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏๅฎ‰ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใใ‚„ใ€ไผš่จˆใฏ๏ผ•ๅƒๅ††ไปฅไธŠใ ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThough (I) thought.., It wasnโ€™t the case

Conditions
ใŸใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚‚ใ—ใ€ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใ„ๆœฌใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€่ฒทใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIf
ใฐใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ˆใ่ชญใ‚ใฐใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIf
ใชใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใ‚‚่ฟ”ใ—ใŸใ„ๆœฌใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIf, If in case
ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆš–ใ‹ใใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆกœใฎ่ŠฑใŒๅ’ฒใใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIf, Once, When
ใจใ€œใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅคงใใ„็ŠฌใŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhen, Whenever
ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ…„ใฏไธŠ็€ใ‚’็€ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ ใพใฃใฆๅ‡บใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWhen (conditions) 
ใŸใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใŒๆ‚ชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅธฐใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vtara.I+kattara.Na+dattara.N+datttara
ใฐใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ƒจๅฑ‹ใŒ้™ใ‹ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vba.I+kereba.Na+naraba.N+naraba
ใชใ‚‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใพใ ไป•ไบ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใŠๅผๅฝ“ใจ็†ฑใ„ใŠ่Œถใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.I.Na.N
ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใ“ใ‚’ๅผทใๆŠผใ•ใชใ„ใจใ€้›ปๆฐ—ใฏใคใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vnai.I.I+kunai.Na+da.Na+denai.N+da.N+denai
ใจใ€œใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ƒจๅฑ‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใจใ€ไผš่ญฐใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru+..~ta
ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฌก้ƒŽใฏๆ‰‹็ด™ใ‚’่ชญใฟ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ™ใใซ่ฟ”ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru

Conditions for Adversative conjuctions

Intentional action
ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒœใƒผใƒซใƒšใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ›ธใใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€€ใƒปTry doing
ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใˆใˆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ใœใ‚“ใถ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใฉใ†ใžใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDo the whole thing, End up
ใฆใŠใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฑฑ็”ฐๅ›ใ€ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผ็”จ็ด™ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ฒทใฃใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIn advance, Leave
ใชใ„ใงใŠใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅˆๅพŒใ‹ใ‚‰ไผš่ญฐใฎ็ถšใใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€่ณ‡ๆ–™ใฏใ‹ใŸใฅใ‘ใชใ„ใงใŠใใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใƒปRefrain from
ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ—ๆ™‚ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚ใใ‚้ฃŸในๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBegin to
ใคใฅใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅฐๅญฆๆ กใ‹ใ‚‰้ซ˜ๆ กใพใง 12 ๅนด้–“ใ‚‚ใ“ใฎๅญฆๆ กใซ้€šใ„็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใƒปKeep on, Do on and on
ใŠใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไฝœๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸไบบใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ็ฎฑใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFinished
ใ ใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้›จใŒใ‚„ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰ใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้ณฅใŒ้ณดใๅ‡บใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSuddenly begin to
ใฆใฟใ›ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใผใใฏใ‚ใ—ใŸใฎๆŸ”้“ใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใงๅฟ…ใšๅ‹ใฃใฆใฟใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใŒใ‚“ใฐใ‚‹ใžใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDetermined to accomplish
ใใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป๏ผ“ๅทปใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆใ‚‹ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’ๅคไผ‘ใฟไธญใซๅ…จ้ƒจ่ชญใฟใใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCompletely, Finish the whole..
ใฌใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒžใƒฉใ‚ฝใƒณใฎ็ฒพ็ฅžใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€่ฉฆๅˆใซ่ฒ ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ๆœ€ๅพŒใพใง่ตฐใ‚Šใฌใใ“ใจใ ใƒปFrom beginning to end
ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฏใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ€้•ท้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปPartially, In the process of

Appearance

ComparisonใƒปLikeness

Tendency
ใŒใกใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏ็•™ๅฎˆใŒใกใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปLiable to, Prone to, Tend to
ใฃใฝใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใใฟๅญใฏใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ’๏ผๆญณใชใฎใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฃใฝใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป-ish, Somewhat
ใŽใฟใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้ขจ้‚ชๆฐ—ๅ‘ณใชใฎใงใ€ๆ—ฉใ‚ใซๅธฐใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBe a little, Have a touch of, -looking
ใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฎ่ฉฑใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅคงใ’ใ•ใซใชใ‚‹ใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBe liable to, Be inclined to, Have a tendency to
ใ‚ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใพใ‚†ใฟใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚่ฌŽใ‚ใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใฃใฆๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎไบบใ‚’ๅ›ฐใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปTake on the air of, Seems, Show signs of
ใŒใกใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฎไฝฟใ„ใ™ใŽใง็›ฎใŒ็–ฒใ‚ŒใŒใกใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn.N
ใฃใฝใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่Šฑๅญใฏ้ฃฝใใฃใฝใใฆไฝ•ใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ™ใใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn.N
ใŽใฟใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใŒ็ถšใ„ใŸใฎใงๅฐ‘ใ—็–ฒใ‚Œๆฐ—ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnn.N
ใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎ้ธๆŒ™ใงใฏๆŠ•็ฅจ็އไฝŽไธ‹ใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.N+no
ใ‚ใใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆš‘ใใชใฃใฆใ€ใšใ„ใถใ‚“ๅคใ‚ใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N

Wishes
ใŒใปใ—ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใŒใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(I) want
ใŸใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคไผ‘ใฟใซใฏๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใซ็™ปใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(I) want to
ใŒใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒใƒŸใƒซใ‚ฏใ‚’ใปใ—ใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆณฃใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(He, She, It is) Eager to, Tends to
ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ตๅฉšๅผใฎๆ—ฅใพใงใ€ใŠใฐใ‚ใ•ใ‚“ใŒๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIt would be nice if
ใจใ„ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅญฆๆ กใŒใ‚‚ใ†ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้ง…ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฟ‘ใ„ใจใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(Hope) Would be good if
ใฐใ„ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใซๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใฎใชใ‚‰ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใง่ฒทใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHope that, Would if be good if
ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ€ๅฏ’ใ„ๆ—ฅใŒ็ถšใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ—ฉใๆš–ใ‹ใใชใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปWant to happen or bedone
ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฆชใฏ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸๅญใซใ€ๆ—ฉใๆญฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจ้ก˜ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปReally wish
ใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใชใ‚“ใจใ‹ๆ—ฉใใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซๅผพใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป(I) really want to
ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใชใ‚“ใจใ‹ๆฏใฎ็—…ๆฐ—ใŒๆฒปใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใจใ€ๅฎถๆ—ใฏใฟใ‚“ใช้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIsnโ€™t there some way?

Volition
ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๅบฆใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใงใ€ๅ›ใฏไฝ•ใซใคใ„ใฆๆ›ธใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIntends to
ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็†ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ—ฉใๅธฐใ‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI think I will, I'll do, Letโ€™s do
ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไผš็คพใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใ€๏ผ‘ๅนดใใ‚‰ใ„็•™ๅญฆใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI think I will
ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใŠใตใ‚ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใŸใจใใ€้›ป่ฉฑใฎใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปJust when about to, Try to, Attempt to
ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไบบใซไผšใ†ใจใใฏใ€็ด„ๆŸใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปMake a point of. Try to 
ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒชใƒผใ•ใ‚“ใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใฎใจใใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅŒป่€…ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปDoesnโ€™t even think about, Not make an effort to
ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ฃŸในใŸใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใซใชใฃใฆใ€ใŒใพใ‚“ใ—ใชใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSupposed to be, But
ใพใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ˆดๆœจใ•ใ‚“ใฏ็„ก่ฒฌไปปใชไบบใ ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ’ๅบฆใจใ‚ใ‚“ใชไบบใซไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’้ ผใ‚€ใพใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI (we) will never, Will not, Will probably not
ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใ€œใพใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๅญฃ็ฏ€ใซใฏใ€ใ‹ใ•ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ“ใ†ใ‹ใ„ใใพใ„ใ‹ใจๆฏŽๆœ่ฟทใฃใฆใ—ใพใ†ใƒปWhether to..or not
ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅผŸใฏๆฑไบฌใงไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆŽขใ™ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru.Vnai
ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็”ฐไธญๅ›ใฎใ†ใกใธ่กŒใๅ‰ใซใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvol
ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใพใฃใ™ใๅธฐใ‚ใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvol+to+omou
ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‘ใ•ใ€6 ๆ™‚ใซ่ตทใใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€่ตทใใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvol+to+suru
ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅฅๅบทใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆฏŽๆ™ฉใ€๏ผ‘ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚‰ใ„ๆญฉใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvol+ni+suru
ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅญใฏใ—ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๆฑบใ—ใฆใ‚ใ‚„ใพใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvol+to+shinai
ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็ˆถใฏๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใชใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ€ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Šๅนดใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใญใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.Na+na.N+no
ใพใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†ๆฑบใ—ใฆๆˆฆไบ‰ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ™ใพใ„ใจใ€ใ‚ใŒๅ›ฝใฏๅ›บใๆฑบๅฟƒใ—ใŸใฏใšใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vru(Grp1).Vn(Grp2).Suru->sumai.Kuru->komai
ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใ€œใพใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไปŠๆ™ฉ๏ผ™ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใฎ็‰นๅˆฅ็•ช็ต„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹่ฆ‹ใพใ„ใ‹ใ€่ฟทใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใƒปโšญ Vvol+ka+..Vru+mai+ka

Persuasionใƒปproposalใƒปadvice

RequestsใƒปOrders

Permissionใƒปprohibitionใƒปobligation

Conjecture

Hersayใƒปquotation

Explanation

Giving and receiving

Causative

Passiveใƒปcausative passive

Polite

Object concerned

Topics

MeansใƒปMediation

OriginใƒปEnd pointใƒปLimitsใƒปrange

Limitations
ใซใ‹ใŽใ‚Šใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎๅˆธใ‚’ใ”ๆŒๅ‚ใฎใŠๅฎขใ•ใพใซ้™ใ‚Šใ€๏ผ’๏ผ๏ผๅ††ๅ‰ฒใ‚Šๅผ•ใใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปOnly for
ใซใ‹ใŽใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใซ้™ใฃใฆใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ‚ˆใใงใใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใƒปOnly in the case of, Only at times when
ใ‹ใŽใ‚Šใงใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็งใฎ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใงใฏๅฝผใฏใพใ ๆฑไบฌใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs far as can be deduced
ใ‹ใŽใ‚Š๏ผˆใฏ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไฝ“ใŒไธˆๅคซใชใ‹ใŽใ‚Šใ€ๆ€ใ„ใใ‚Š็คพไผšๆดปๅ‹•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปSo long as (range of conditions)
ใŸใ ใ€œใฎใฟใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใƒžใƒฉใ‚ฝใƒณๅฝ“ๆ—ฅใฎๅคฉๆฐ—ใ€้ธๆ‰‹ใซใจใฃใฆใฏใŸใ ใใ‚ŒใฎใฟใŒๅฟƒ้…ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThe only thing that..
ใชใ‚‰ใงใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎ็ตตใซใฏๅญใฉใ‚‚ใชใ‚‰ใงใฏ่กจใ›ใชใ„็„ก้‚ชๆฐ—ใ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปIf not, Unless
ใ‚’ใŠใ„ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใŠใ„ใฆใปใ‹ใซใ„ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปNothing/no one besides

Non-Limitations

Additions

(Non-)Incidental situation

Interralations

Progression

Standpoint for judgement

Point of view of evaluation
ใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฏๆ–ฐๅ…ฅ็คพๅ“กใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€ๅฎขใฎๅฟœๅฏพใŒใ†ใพใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFor
ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ๏ผˆใฏ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎๆฏใฏใ€ๅนดใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใฏๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซๆ„ๆฌฒ็š„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปConsidering
ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใฎ้ธๆ‰‹ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ไฝ“ๆ ผใŒใ„ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปAs expected, being the case, (precisely) because
ใจใ‚‚ใชใ‚‹ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธ€ๆตใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใจใ‚‚ใชใ‚‹ใจใ€็”ทๆ€งใฏใƒใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใ‚คใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€€ใƒปWhen you get to the position of, if, when it comes to
ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅคงไผš็คพใฎ็คพ้•ทใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ใ†ไบบใŒใ€่ปฝใ€…ใ—ใ„็™บ่จ€ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปFor such a prestigious..
ใŸใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไธ€ๅ›ฝไธ€ๅŸŽใฎไธปใŸใ‚‹่€…ใ€๏ผ‘ๅ›žใ‚„๏ผ’ๅ›žใฎๅคฑๆ•—ใงใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ‚ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใฌใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHas the job of, Who is
ใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎไฝœๅ“ใฏๆ–‡ๅญฆ่ณžใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใŸๅฝผใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใซใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚ใใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.N.Na+dearu.N+dearu
ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ๏ผˆใฏ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใฎใใคใฏๅ€คๆฎตใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ‚ˆใๅฃฒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.N+no.Na+dearu.N+dearu
ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ˆดๆœจใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆญดๅฒใŒๅฅฝใใชใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆใ€ๆญดๅฒใฎ็‚นๆ•ฐใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ซ˜ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.N.Na+dearu.N+dearu
ใจใ‚‚ใชใ‚‹ใจใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไผ‘ๆ—ฅใจใ‚‚ใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆœใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎขใฎ่ปŠใง้“่ทฏใŒๆธ‹ๆปžใ™ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain.N
ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ›ฝไผšใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ใ†ๆฉŸ้–ขใงใ‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅผท่กŒใชๆŽกๆฑบใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จฑใ›ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N
ใŸใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ›ฝใฎไปฃ่กจใŸใ‚‹ๆฉŸ้–ขใงๅƒใใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่ช‡ใ‚Šใจ่ฆšๆ‚Ÿใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N

Relattionsใƒปcorrespondence

Non-relationshipใƒปexception

Illustrations

Relative emphasis

Processใƒปconclusion

Negation

Partial negation

Emphasisใƒปconclusion

Emotional

Compulsion
ใชใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใŠๅฎขใ•ใ‚“ใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆŽƒ้™คใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCanโ€™t avoid, Canโ€™t help, Must
ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ใˆใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไผš็คพใŒๅ€’็”ฃใ—ใŸใฎใฏ็คพ้•ทใซ่ฒฌไปปใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ใˆใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCannot avoid, Have no choice but
ใชใ„ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใฎใ‚ตใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ็ฌ‘ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCanโ€™t help but, Feel must
ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใŠใชใ‹ใŒ็—›ใใฆๅฃฐใ‚’ๅ‡บใ•ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปJust had to
ใšใซใฏใ™ใพใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆคœๆŸปใฎ็ตๆžœใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ€ๆ‰‹่ก“ใ›ใšใซใฏใ™ใพใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปMust certainly
ใšใซใฏใŠใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎๆณฃใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ˜ ็”ปใฏ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆ„Ÿๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใšใซใฏใŠใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCanโ€™t help but
ใ‚’ใใ‚“ใ˜ใˆใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅ…„ใฎๅปบใฆใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚ŠใฎๅฎถใŒๅœฐ้œ‡ใงๅฃŠใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ๅŒๆƒ…ใ‚’็ฆใ˜ๅพ—ใชใ„ใ€€ใƒปCanโ€™t help but
ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใŽใชใใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๆดฅๆณขใงๅฎถใ‚’ๅคฑใฃใŸไบบใ€…ใฏๅ…ฌๅœ’ใงใฎใƒ†ใƒณใƒˆๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใ‚’ไฝ™ๅ„€ใชใใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€€ใ€€ใƒปBe compelled to, Forced to
ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใŽใชใใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไบบไปถ่ฒปใฎ้ซ˜้จฐใŒๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฏๅบ—้–‹่จญใฎไธญๆญขใ‚’ไฝ™ๅ„€ใชใใ•ใ›ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปCompel
ใชใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใ‚“ใชใซ้ข็™ฝใใ†ใชๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’ใ€่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnai+wakeniwaikanai
ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ใˆใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅŒ–ๅญฆใฏๅฅฝใใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ๅฟ…ไฟฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚‰ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ใˆใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vn+zaru+wo+enai
ใชใ„ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปไผš่ญฐไธญใ ใฃใŸใŒใ€ๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใŒๆ‚ชใใฆไฝ“ใ‚’ๆจชใซใ—ใชใ„ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnaide+wa+irarenai
ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็งใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ ใกใ‚’่ฆšใˆใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vn+zuni+wa+irarenai
ใšใซใฏใ™ใพใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใผใใ‚‰ใŒ่ฌใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใฏใ™ใพใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vn+zuni+wa+sumanai
ใšใซใฏใŠใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฎ็พŽใ—ใ็นŠ็ดฐใช่ฉฉใฏใ€ไบบใ€…ใฎๅฟƒใ‚’ๆบใ•ใถใ‚‰ใšใซใฏใŠใ‹ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vn+zuni+wa+okanai
ใ‚’ใใ‚“ใ˜ใˆใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ƒจ้•ทใฎๅ†—่ซ‡ใซใ€ๅคฑ็ฌ‘ใ‚’็ฆใ˜ใˆใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N+wo+kinjienai
ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใŽใชใใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฐ้ขจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไบค้€šๆฉŸ้–ขใŒๆญขใพใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ๆ—…่กŒใฎไธญๆญขใ‚’ไฝ™ๅ„€ใชใใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใƒปโšญ N+wo+yoginakusareru
ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใŽใชใใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป่ฉฆๅˆไธญใฎๆ€ชๆˆ‘ใฏๅฝผใซ๏ผ’๏ผ–ใฎ่‹ฅใ•ใง็พๅฝนๅผ•้€€ใ‚’ไฝ™ๅ„€ใชใใ•ใ›ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ N+wo+yoginakusaseru

Exclamation
ใ“ใจใซ๏ผˆใฏ๏ผ‰ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใซใ€ๆฅๅนดใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใซ็•™ๅญฆใงใใใ†ใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปTerribly, Extremely
ใ“ใจใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ“ใ“ใง้Šใ‚“ใ ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ†๏ผ“๏ผๅนดใ‚‚ๅ‰ใฎใ“ใจใ ใ€‚ๆ‡ใ‹ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHow veryใ€€(deep emotion) 
ใ“ใจใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป๏ผ‘็‚นๅทฎใงๅ„ชๅ‹ใ‚’้€ƒใ—ใŸใจใฏใ€ใชใ‚“ใจๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใ“ใจใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHow..!
ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎใ“ใ‚ใ€ๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ็ˆถใŒใ‚ˆใๆ˜”่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปUsed to
ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ›ฝใ‚’ๆ—…ใ—ใฆใ€็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ไบบใ€…ใซไผšใ†ใฎใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปReally.., Truly something
ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใฎ่‹ฅใ•ใงใ‚ใฎใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ! ๅฝผใฎๆผ”ๅฅใซใฏใ™ใ”ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปVery, Somehow feel (deep emotion, enthusiasm)
ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใชใ‚“ใจใใ‚Œใ„ใชๅค•็„ผใ‘ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปHow very!
ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅฝผใฎๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ๅ…ˆใฏใชใ‚“ใจไบบๅฃ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ๏ผไบบใฎๅฐใ•ใชๅญคๅณถใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปTo (my) amazement
ใจใฏใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒป้ฉšใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใฃใŸใจใฏใ€€ใ€€ใƒปThe fact that
ใชใ‚“ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎ้Šใณ็›ธๆ‰‹ใ‚‚ใƒญใƒœใƒƒใƒˆใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปI had no idea!

Situational

Request

โ‘ ใ€€morau getใƒปhave

to receive, to take
โšญใ€€Vte + itadakitai ndesu ga
โšญใ€€Vte + itadakemasen ka
โšญใ€€Vte + itadakemasu ka
โšญใ€€Vte + moraitai ndesu ga
โšญใ€€Vte + moraemasen ka
โšญใ€€Vte + moraemasu ka
โšญใ€€Vte + moraenai
โšญใ€€Vte + moraeru
ใƒปๅ†™็œŸใ‚’ๆ’ฎใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
ใƒปใบใ‚“ใ‚’่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹  
ใƒปCould you take a picture for me?
ใƒปCan I borrow your pen?

โ‘กใ€€kureru give (me)

to give, to let (one) have
โšญใ€€Vte + kudaimasen ka
โšญใ€€Vte + kuremasen ka
โšญใ€€Vte + kuremasu ka
โšญใ€€Vte + kurenai
โšญใ€€Vte + kureru
โšญใ€€Vte + kure
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
ใƒปCan you please teach me Japanese?

โ‘ขใ€€onegai please

request, favour (to ask), wish
โšญใ€€O + Vnoun-base + negaishimasu
โšญใ€€O + Vnoun-base + negaimasu
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใŠๆŒใก้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปใŠ็ซ‹ใก้ก˜ใ„ใพใ™    
ใƒปPlease take this
ใƒปPlease stand up

โ‘ฃใ€€kudasai please

please (give me, do for me)
โšญใ€€O + Vnoun-base + kudasai
โšญใ€€Vte + kudasai
โšญใ€€Vte
ใƒปใŠๅบงใ‚Šใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆผขๅญ—ใงๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„  
ใƒป้ฃŸในใฆ   
ใƒปPlease have a seat
ใƒปPlease write in kanji
ใƒปEat

Wants

โ‘ ใ€€tai I want toใƒปI would like to

โšญใ€€Vmasu + tai
Expresses a person desire to do something (First person)
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏ้‡Ž็ƒใŒ่ฆ‹ใŸใ„
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„  
ใƒปI want to watch baseball
ใƒปI want to eat ramen

โ‘กใ€€tagatteiru Someone wants toใƒปSomeone would like to

โšญใ€€Vmasu + tagatteiru
Expresses a person desire to do something (Third person)
ใƒปใฟใใ•ใ‚“ใฏ่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปไธ‰ๆœจใฏ้‡ฃใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹  
ใƒปMiki wants to buy a car
ใƒปMiki wants to go fishing

(โ–) Exceptions
(1) In the paste tense
(2) In indirect speech
(3) In semi-direct speech
(4) In explanatory situation
(5) In conjecture expression

ใƒปๅ’Œ็”ทใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่กŒใใŸใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปไธ€้ƒŽใ‚‚่กŒใใŸใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹  
ใƒปๆ•ๅญใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใธๅธฐใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใใ†ใ  
ใƒป้‡Žๆ‘ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ 
ใƒปไธธๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใฏ็ด€ๅญใจ่ธŠใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ 
ใƒปKazuo wanted to go so badly
ใƒปIchiro says he wants to go, too
ใƒปI heard that Toshiko wants to go back to Japan
ใƒปMr. Nomura wants to talk with you
ใƒปIt seems like Maruyama-san wants to dance with Noriko

โ‘ขใ€€tehoshii I want you want toใƒปI would like you to
โ‘ขใ€€temoraitai I want you want toใƒปI would like you to
โ‘ขใ€€teitadakitai I want you want toใƒปI would like you to

โšญใ€€Vte + hoshii/moraitai/itadakitai
Expresses a person desire for someone to do something (First person)
Use teitadakitai when you want someone with higher status to do something
ใƒป็งใฏๅญไพ›้”ใซ็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใปใ—ใ„
ใƒป็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใŠใŸใ„
ใƒป็งใฏๅ‰็”ฐๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซๆฅใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„  
ใƒปI want my children to live with me
ใƒปI want you to teach me English
ใƒปI would like Prof. Yoshida to come

โ‘ฃใ€€tehoshigatteiru Someone wants you to doใƒปSomeone would like to you to do
โ‘ฃใ€€temoraitagatteiru Someone wants you to doใƒปSomeone would like to you to do

โšญใ€€Vte + hoshigatteiru/moraitagatteiru
Expresses a person desire for someone to do something (Third person)
ใƒปใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใ‚นใ•ใ‚“ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใซใ“ใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅผ˜ๅญใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœจๆ‘ใ•ใ‚“ใซใ“ใฎ่Šฑใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใปใ—ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปMr. Adams wants Francis to do this job for him
ใƒปHiroko-san wants Kimura-san to buy these flowers

(โ–) Exceptions
(1) In the paste tense
(2) In indirect speech
(3) In semi-direct speech
(4) In explanatory situation
(5) In conjecture expression

โ‘คใ€€hoshii I want something

โšญใ€€N + ga + hoshii
Expresses a person desire for something (First person)
ใƒป็งใฏ่ปŠใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„
ใƒป็งใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใฎๅ‹้”ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„
ใƒปI want a car
ใƒปI want a Japanese friend

โ‘ฅใ€€hoshigatteiru Someone want something

โšญใ€€N + ga + hoshigatteiru
Expresses a person desire for something (Third person)
ใƒปๅผŸใฏๅƒ•ใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’ใปใ—ๆฌฒใ—ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใฟใกใ“ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’ๆฌฒใ—ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปMy brother wants my bike
ใƒปMichiko wants a computer

(โ–) Exceptions
(1) In the paste tense
(2) In indirect speech
(3) In semi-direct speech
(4) In explanatory situation
(5) In conjecture expression

ใƒปใƒขใƒผใƒชใ‚นใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ„ใ„ใ‚นใƒžใƒ›ใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใ‚คใ‚‚ๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ 
ใƒปใ‚ชใ‚นใ‚ซใƒผใ‚‚ๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใใ†ใ  
ใƒปใƒ‘ใƒกใƒฉใฏใ‚คใƒคใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒปใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใฏ่…•ๆ™‚่จˆใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ 
ใƒปMr. Maurice wanted a good phone
ใƒปJoy says she wants it, too
ใƒปI heard that Oscar wants it, too
ใƒปPamela wants a pair of earrings
ใƒปIt seems like Francis wants a watch

Desire

โ‘ ใ€€beki ShouldใƒปMust

โšญใ€€Vru + beki (da)
Expresses a person desire to do something
ใƒป็ด„ๆŸใฏๅฎˆใ‚‹ในใใ 
ใƒปๆ—ฉใๅธฐๅฎ…ใ™ในใใ 
ใƒปYou should keep your promises
ใƒปYou should go home early

โ‘กใ€€bayokatta Should haveใƒปI wish

โšญใ€€Vba + yokatta
Expresses a person wish to do something or should have done
ใƒปๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ„ใพใฏ้›ป่ฉฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปI should have brought an umbrella
ใƒปNow I wish I had my phone

Obligation

โ‘ ใ€€nakeraba/nakute/naito ikenai/naranai/dame desu Must doใƒปHave to do

โšญใ€€Vnakereba/Vnakute/Vnaito + (ha) + ikenai/naranai/dame desu
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅญฆๆ กใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใใฆใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใชใใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
ใƒปI must to go to school every day
ใƒปI had to do my homework

โ‘กใ€€nakucha/nakya/naito Must doใƒปHave to do

โšญใ€€Vn + nakucha/nakya/naito

Ordering

โ‘ ใ€€Verb command stem Do

โšญใ€€Vcmd
ใƒป่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ›ธใ‘(ใ‚ˆ)
ใƒปWrite it in English

โ‘กใ€€Verb noun stem (Grp2) Do

โšญใ€€Vnn + ro
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚(ใ‚ˆ)
ใƒปLook at this

โ‘ขใ€€Verb noun stem (Grp2) Do

โšญใ€€Vnn + yo
ใƒปๅ›ณ๏ผ‘ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปSee Figure 1

Prohibit

โ‘ ใ€€Verb dictionary form Don't

โšญใ€€Vru + na
ใƒป้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใช
ใƒปDon't eat it

โ‘กใ€€tewaikenai Must notใƒปShould notใƒปDon't do

โšญใ€€Vte + wa + ikenai/naranai/dame da
ใƒป็ช“ใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„
ใƒปDon't open the window

Your-Welcome

โ‘ ใ€€Zen-zen iiyou No problemใƒปNot at all

โšญใ€€Zenzen iiyou
ใƒปๅฎถใพใง้€ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ๅ…จ็„ถใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใƒผ
ใƒปThanks for the ride home. No problem at all

โ‘กใ€€O-yakunitatete ureshii desu Im glad I could help

โšญใ€€Oyakunitatete + ureshii/kouei/saiwai desu
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏๅŠฉใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ใ„ใˆใ€ใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใฆๅฌ‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปThank you for your help yesterday. Thank you. No, I'm glad I could help

Noun Expression

ใ†ใˆใฎๆฃšใซใฏ่พžๆ›ธใฐใ‹ใ‚Š็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + bakari only
ใ‚Šใ‚“ใ”ใ ใ‘ใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + dake only
่Šฑใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใชใ่Šฑ็“ถใ‚‚ๅฃฒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + bakari de naku not only
ๆด‹ๆœใ ใ‘ใงใชใ้ดใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + dake de naku not only
็คพ้•ทใ•ใ‚“ใงใ‚‚่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + demo  even
ใชใŠใ“ใปใฉไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + hodo  as much as
ใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ‚’ไธ‰ๆœฌใปใฉ้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + hodo  about, approximately
ๆญดๅฒไธŠใฎ้‡่ฆใ•ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใŠใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + jou from the standpoint of
ๅฐๆ‰€ใฏ้ญšใใ•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + kusai smell of
ใŠๅŒป่€…ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅค–ไบบใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + mitai look like, appear to be, (noun)-like
้ˆดๆœจใ•ใ‚“ใฎไธปไบบใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠใจใ“ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไบบใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + rashii look like, appear to be
ใ‚ปใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใชใ—ใงๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + nashi (de) without
ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใชใ‚“ใฆใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + nante such (things) as
ใใฎๅ•้กŒใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃ็ขบใช่ณ‡ๆ–™ใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni kansuru as far as, related to, concerning, about
้ˆดๆœจใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๆญดๅฒใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni kanshite as far as, related to, concerning, about
็ตŒๆธˆใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ฑๅ‘Šๆ›ธใฏใพใ ่ชญใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni taisuru towards, against, regarding, in contrast with
ๅฝผใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅๅฏพใฎไบบใฏๆ‰‹ใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni taishite towards, against, regarding, in contrast with
่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใซใคใ„ใฆๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni tsuite about
ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฅฝใใ ใฃใŸใฎใงๅ€คๆฎตใซๆฐ—ใŒใฅใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni ki ga tsuku    notice, take notice of
่ถณๅ…ƒใซๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni ki wo tsukeru  pay attention to, be careful of, watch out for
ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆœ‰ๅใชๆญŒๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni okeru  in, at, on (a specific area)
้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni suru decide on
็งใซใจใฃใฆใ‚ดใƒซใƒ•ใฏไธ€็•ชๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni totte  (as) for, from the standpoint of
ใฟใ‚“ใชใฎๅ”ๅŠ›ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni yotte  through, by the way of, by means of, depending on
ๆ–ฐ่žใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆไธ–็•Œใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใ‚’ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni yotte  through, by the way of, by means of, depending on
ไบบใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + ni yotte  through, by the way of, by means of, depending on
่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ‚ชใƒผใƒˆใƒใ‚คใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + no kawari (ni)    instead of, in place of
ใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใŠไปฃใ‚ใ‚ŠใซใŠๅ…„ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ่กŒใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + no kawari (ni)    instead of, in place of
ไปŠๆ—ฅไธ€ๆ—ฅไธญใŠๅง‰ใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + no koto about (little things of)
็”ทๆ€งใฎใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Noun + no koto about (little things of)

Adj Expression

้ซ˜ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€่ฒทใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ I-Adj-i + kattaraใƒปif, if it were, if it is
ๆฌฒใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅทฎใ—ไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ I-Adj-i + kattaraใƒปif, if it were, if it is
ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Yokattaraใƒปif itโ€™s okay (with you)
้‡‘ๆŒใกใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ No/Na-Adj + dattaraใƒปif, if it were, if it is
ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆš‘ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆณณใŽใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ I-Adj-i + kerebaใƒปif it is
้™ใ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆ˜ผๅฏใŒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ No/Na-Adj + de arebaใƒปif it is
็—…ๆฐ—ใชใ‚‰ใฐใ€ไผ‘ใ‚“ใ ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ No/Na-Adj + narabaใƒปif it is
ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฏๆš‘ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๆš‘ใ„ใปใฉใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ I-Adj-i + kereba + adj + hodoใƒปthe more adj the better
ไพฟๅˆฉใชใ‚“ใ‚‰ใฐใ€ไพฟๅˆฉใชใปใฉใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ No/Na-Adj + naraba + adj + na + hodoใƒปthe more adj the better
ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใŒๆš‘ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ I-Adj-i + kereba + yokatta desuใƒปit would be better if it were, i wish it were
้ง…ใซไพฟๅˆฉใชใ‚‰ใฐใ€ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ No/Na-Adj + naraba + yokatta desuใƒปit would be better if it were, i wish it were

Verb Expression

ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + no ga suki desu I like to
่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + no ga kirai desu I donโ€™t like to
ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใใฎใŒๅพ—ๆ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + no ga tokui desu I am good at (oneโ€™s forte)
ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’ๅผพใใฎใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + no ga jouzu desu I am good at
็ตตใ‚’ๆใใฎใŒ่‹ฆๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + no ga nigate desu I am not good at
็ตตใ‚’ๆใใฎใŒไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + no ga heta desu   I am bad at
ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + tsumori   I intend to
ๅฏใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vdict + mae ni Before doing
่ท็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnoun + mashouka Shall I / Shall we
ๆ–ฐๅฎฟใซๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnoun + ni ikimasu Go to do
ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnoun + sugiru Too much
ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnoun + tai   I want to
ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใŒ้ฃŸในใฆๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + hoshii I want you to
ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ฉฑใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + kudasai Please do
ใฒใ‚‰ใŒใชใงๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + moraemasen ka   Could I have you
ๆธ‹่ฐทใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ”้ฃฏใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + .. Verb do and do
ไปŠๆ—ฅๆ—ฉใๅธฐใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + mo ii desu ka May I
ๅ……้›ปๅ™จใ‚’ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + mo ii desu ka   Is it ok to
ไปŠๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + iru -ing (continuous action)
ๅŸผ็މใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + iru -ing (continuous state)
ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฎๅคœ๏ผ˜ๆ™‚ใ”ใ‚ใŠ้ขจๅ‘‚ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + ita I was -ing (continuous action in the past) 
๏ผ‘๏ผๅนดๅ‰ใƒ‘ใƒชใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + ita I used to (continuous state in the past)
ใพใ ๆ˜ผใ”ใฏใ‚“ใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ mada ~ Vte + imasen   I havenโ€™t yet
ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑไฝ็™ปใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta + koto ga arimasu I have been to / have done
้ง…ใพใงใฏใƒใ‚น่กŒใฃใŸใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vta + hou ga ii desu Its better to
ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vtari + .. Vtari shimasu I do things like -ing, -ing
ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ไธ–็•Œไธญๆ—…่กŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vtara If I Verb (conditional form)
้ง…ใซ็€ใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใฆไธ‹ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vtara When you Verb (conditional form)
ๆ™‚้–“ใซ้…ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnai + de kudasai Please do not
ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ—ฉใ‚ใซๅธฐใ‚‰ใชใใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnakya + ikemasen I should / must / have to
็„ก็†ใ—ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnai + hou ga ii desu It's better not to
ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใงๆ›ธใใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnakute + mo ii desu You donโ€™t have to
ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vnakute + mo ii desu Itโ€™ok not to
็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏไผš็คพใซใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain-nonpast + to omou / to omoimasu I think..
ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain-nonpast + kamoshiremasen   It might..
ใ“ใฎๆ›ฒใฏไบบๆฐ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain-nonpast + mitai desu   Seems to be..
้ƒจ้•ทใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅธฐใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain-past + to omou / to omoimasu   I think..
ใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใฏๆ˜จๆ—ฅใพใงใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain-past + kamoshiremasen Might have beenโ€ฆ
ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ‚“ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆฃๆ„ใ”ใจใ‚’่พžใ‚ใŸใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain-past + mitai desu Seems to have been..
ใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๅผพใ‘ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vpot I can (potential form)
ใพใ„ใซใกใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใ’ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vpot + you ni naru To be able to
ๆผขๅญ—ใŒ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vpot + you ni narimashita I became able to
ใ“ใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vpot Can be seen / heard (potential form - see / hear)
้ƒจ้•ทใฏใพใ ไผš่ญฐๅฎคใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + hazu desu Should Verb (expectation)
ไป•ไบ‹ใŒ้บๆ›ธใŒใ—ใฎใงใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ไผ‘ใฟใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + node Since / Because
ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฒ–็ธ„ใงๆ’ฎใฃใŸๅ†™็œŸใงใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + Noun (Noun modifation)
่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + kadouka wakaranai I donโ€™t know whether or not to
่ฟ‘่—คใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้€ๅˆฅไผšใซ่กŒใใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใพใ ๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + kadouka kimeteinai   I havenโ€™t decided whether or not to
ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ้ตใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + kadouka oboeteinai   I donโ€™t remember whether or not
ไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + ka wakaranai I don't know (what / where / who)
ใ„ใคๅธฐใ‚‹ใ‹ใพใ ๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + ka (mada) kimeteimasen   I havenโ€™t decided to (yet) (QW)
ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ‹่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vplain + ka oboeteimasenใ€€I donโ€™t remember (QW)
่‡ชๅˆ†ใงไฝœใฃใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + miru / mimasu   Try to
ไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + oku / okimasu   Do in advance
ๆกœใŒๅ’ฒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + iru / imasu Has been -ing
่ฒกๅธƒใ‚’่ฝใจใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + shimaishita / chatta / jatta    Ended up / Unfortunately doing
ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใซไน—ใ‚Œใฐใ€้–“ใซๅˆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vconditional If (conditional form)
ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vconditional + yokatta    I should / must / have to
ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๆณจๆ–‡ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vconditional + ii desu ka How / when / what should I 
็งใฏๅ‹้”ใซ่Šฑใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Ageru I give (give to someone)
ๅ‹้”ใŒ็งใซใŠ่“ๅญใ‚’ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Kureru Gives me (someone gives me )
ๅ‹้”ใซๆ˜ ็”ปใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Morau I receive (receive from someone)
็งใฏๅ‹้”ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚ใ’ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + ageru   I do (to someone)
ๅ‹้”ใŒ็งใซๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + kureru Someone do (to me)
ๅ‹้”ใซๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vte + morau   I have someone do
ไปŠ้€ฑใฏ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvolitional + to omotteiru I am thinking of..
ไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ„ใฃใฑใ„ใงใ—ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvolitional + to omottara When I tried to do..
ๅค–ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใƒปๅค–ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vvolitional   Shall / Letโ€™s / I will (volitional form)
ใƒใƒชใƒƒใ‚ธใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vpassive Get / done by (passive - reru / rareru)
ๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒๅญฆ็”Ÿใซๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vcausative Let / Made someone (causative - seru / saseru)
็งใฏ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใซ้‹่ปขใ•ใ›ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vcausative + ageru I let someone (causative - seru / saseru)
็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใฏ็งใซ้‹่ปขใ•ใ›ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vcausative + kureru   Someone let me (causative - seru / saseru)
็งใฏ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“ใซ้‹่ปขใ•ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vcausative + morau I have/had someone let me (causative - seru / saseru)
ๆœใ”้ฃฏใฏ้ฃŸในใŸใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใ€้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใ€€ใƒปโšญ Vcausative-passive Get / got made to (causative-passive)

Special Topics

ใ‚ใ„ใ 

โ‘ ใ€€Space BetweenใƒปAmong

โšญใ€€N+no + aida/aida ni
Indicates space between two places/things โ—ฆ N to N no aida used for 2 things
ใƒปใ‚นใƒ†ใƒฌใ‚ชใจๆœฌๆฃšใฎ้–“ใซใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๅคๆœฌใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใ‚‰ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใฎ้–“ใซไธ‡ๅ††ๆœญใŒๆŒŸใพใฃใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๅคง้˜ชใพใงใฎ้–“ใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใง้ง…ๅผใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปBetween the stereo and the bookshelf, I placed the television
ใƒปWhen I bought a secondhand book, I found a 10 thousand yen bill between the pages
ใƒปBetween somewhere before Osaka and eat it, Iโ€™ll buy lunch at a station

โ‘กใ€€Relationship BetweenใƒปAmong

โšญใ€€N+no + aida/aida ni
Indicates relationship between among several people or matters
ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ไบŒไบบใฎ้–“ใฏใ†ใพใใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปใใฎใƒ›ใƒ†ใƒซใฏๅฎ‰ใใฆๆธ…ๆฝ”ใชใฎใงๆ—…่กŒ่€…ใŸใกใฎ้–“ใงไบบๆฐ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปไบŒใคใฎไบ‹ไปถใฎ้–“ใซใฏไฝ•ใ‹้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„
ใƒปBetween the two hasnโ€™t gone well recently, it seems that the relationship
ใƒปSince its cheap and clean, Among travelers, it is popular
ใƒปBetween the two incidents, It seems that there is some relationship 

โ‘ขใ€€Time DuringใƒปWhileใƒปThroughout

โšญใ€€Vru/Vteiru/I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + aida
Indicates space between two places/things โ—ฆ N to N no aida used for 2 things
Indicates relationship between among several people or matters
ใƒปๅฝผใฏไผš่ญฐใฎ้–“ใšใฃใจ็œ ใ‚Šใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆˆปใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใพใงใฎ้–“ๅ–ซ่Œถๅบ—ใงๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใ“ใจใซใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๆณณใ„ใงใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใฏๅซŒใชใ“ใจใ‚‚ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใŒๅฐใ•ใ„้–“ใฏใชใ‹ใชใ‹ๅคซๅฉฆใงใฎๅค–ๅ‡บใŒใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒปๆ™บๅญใฏๅคง้˜ชใซใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใฏๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸ    
ใƒป็งใŸใกใŒใŠ่Œถใฎ็”จๆ„ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹้–“ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็ทŠๅผตใ—ใฆไธ€่จ€ใ‚‚ๅ–‹ใ‚‰ใšใซ    
ใƒปThroughout the meeting, he was dozing off
ใƒปWhile until she returns, I decided to read a book at the coffee shop
ใƒปWhile swimming hard, I can forget about unpleasant things
ใƒปWhen my child was small, I could hardly ever go out with just my husband
ใƒปWhen Tomoko was in Osaka, she was fine
ใƒปWhile we prepared a tea, they were nervous and didnโ€™t say a word
โœ”๏ธŽ๏ธŽใ€€Correct Usage
ใƒปๅฝผใฏ็•™ๅญฆใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ้–“ใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณไบบๅฅณใฎๅญใจไธ€็ท’ใซ็”Ÿๆดปใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒป็งใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ๅผŸใฏ้Šใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸ
ใƒปWhile he was studying abroad, he was living together with a Swedish girl
ใƒปWhile I was studying, my younger brother was playing
โœ–๏ธŽใ€€Wrong Usage
ใƒป็งใฏๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ๅผŸใฏ้Šใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปWhile I was studying, my younger brother played

ใฎใซ

โ‘ ใ€€Converse Cause ThoughใƒปDespiteใƒปEven thoughใƒปInspite of the fact that

โšญใ€€Vru/Vta/I-Adj/I-Adj+katta/Na-Adj+na/N+na + noni
The two expression must be an established fact
Questions, commands, requests, invitations, intentions, desires, suppositions are not used in the second expression
ใƒป5ๆœˆใชใฎใซ็œŸๅคใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆš‘ใ„
ใƒปๅฎถใŒ่ฟ‘ใ„ใฎใซใ‚ˆใ้…ๅˆปใ™ใ‚‹    
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใฃใŸ    
ใƒป็œŸๅคœไธญใ™ใŽใŸใฎใซใพใ ๅธฐใฃใฆใ“ใชใ„    
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใชใฎใซไผš็คพใซ่กŒใใ‚“ใงใ™
ใƒป๏ผ•ๆœˆใชใฎใซใชใ‚“ใงใ“ใ‚“ใชใซๆš‘ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‚ใ†    
ใƒปThough itโ€™s May, it is as hot as the middle of the summer
ใƒปThough she lives close by, sheโ€™s often late
ใƒปDespite the rain, I went out
ใƒปThough itโ€™s already midnight, he hasnโ€™t come back yet
ใƒปEven though today is Sunday, I am going to work
ใƒปEven though itโ€™s still May, Why itโ€™s so hot
โœ–๏ธŽใ€€Wrong Usage
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใชใ•ใ„
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใŸใ„    
ใƒป้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปEven though itโ€™s raining, go out
ใƒปEven though itโ€™s raining, I want to go ou
ใƒปEven though itโ€™s raining, Iโ€™ll probably go out

โ‘กใ€€Contrast ButใƒปEven though

โšญใ€€Vru/Vta/I-Adj/I-Adj+katta/Na-Adj+na/N+na + noni
Express a contrast between two expression, not a casual relation
Implies that the relation between the two expression deviates from one usually expected and that speaker feels it is unusual
ใƒปๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใ„ใ„ๅคฉๆฐ—ใ ใฃใŸใฎใซไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ้›จใ 
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไธญๅ›ฝไบบใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฏใ‚ใพใ‚ŠไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใชใ„ใฎใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ†ใพใ„    
ใƒปใŠๅ…„ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ‚ˆใๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅผŸใฏๆŽˆๆฅญใ‚’ใ‚ˆใใ‚ตใƒœใ‚‹    
ใƒปIt was nice yesterday but today itโ€™s raining
ใƒปThat Chinese person isnโ€™t very good in Japanese but his English is good
ใƒปEven though the oder brother studies had, the younger one often skips class

โ‘ขใ€€Unexpected ButใƒปEven though

โšญใ€€Vru/Vta/I-Adj/I-Adj+katta/Na-Adj+na/N+na + noni
Express that the outcome is different from what was expected or predicted
Expression of expectation, intention, or desire such as:
ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ(I thought), ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸ(I intended), ใฆใปใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸ(I wanted someone to)
ใƒปๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใซใ€ไธๅˆๆ ผใ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปไปŠๆ™ฉไธญใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใ ใฃใŸใฎใซใ€ใ†ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ    
ใƒปๅ’Œๅญใ•ใ‚“ใซใฏๆฅใฆใปใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซๆฅใฆใใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸ    
ใƒปI thought I was going to pass, but I didn't
ใƒปI was going to call you this evening, but I forgot
ใƒปI wanted Kazuko to come, but she didn't

โ‘ฃใ€€RegretShouldใƒปWouldใƒปCould have

โšญใ€€Vru/Vta/I-Adj/I-Adj+katta/Na-Adj+na/N+na + noni
Express a feeling of regret regarding or the result that differs from is expected
Often used wheb the speaker is critizing or complaining about someone elseโ€™s actions
End of a counter-factual conditional sentence
ใƒปใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ไบ‹ๆ•…ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š่ตฐใ‚Œใจ่กŒใฃใฆใŠใ„ใŸใฎใซ
ใƒป็ตถๅฏพๆฅใ‚‹ใจใ‚ใ‚“ใชใซๅ›บใ็ด„ๆŸใ—ใŸใฎใซ   
ใƒปใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ—ฉใๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซ    
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ๆฅใ‚Œใฐใ„ใ„ใฎใซ 
ใƒปYou caused the accident because you were driving too fast. I told you to drive slowly
ใƒปI promised so firmly that I would come
ใƒปWe should have left earlier
ใƒปYou should have come too

โ‘คใ€€Logical ArgumentSo

โšญใ€€N+demo.. noni
Expresses the development of a logical argument if itโ€™s is such-and-such,
But that was not result/case for others (could be less or more)
ใƒป้›ปๆฐ—ๅฑ‹ใงใ‚‚็›ดใ›ใชใ„ใฎใซใ‚ใชใŸใซ็›ดใ›ใ‚‹ใฏใšใŒใชใ„ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใฎ
ใƒปไนๅทžใงใ‚‚ใ“ใ‚“ใชใซๅฏ’ใ„ใฎใซใพใ—ใฆๅŒ—ๆตท้“ใฏใฉใ‚“ใชใซๅฏ’ใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†   
ใƒปใ“ใ‚“ใช็ฐกๅ˜ใชๅ•้กŒๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ‚‚่งฃใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใซใฉใ†ใ—ใฆ้–“้•ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใฎ    
ใƒปEven an electrician canโ€™t fix it, so how should you able to fix it
ใƒปIf itโ€™s this cold even in Kyushu, how cold must it be in Hokkaido
ใƒปEven an the student could solve this easy problem, so why you got it wrong

โ‘ฅใ€€PurposeIn order toใƒปForใƒปTo

โšญใ€€Vru + noni
Expresses purpose but with limited expressions comes after like:
ไฝฟใ†(use), ๅฝน็ซ‹ใค(useful), ๅฟ…่ฆ(necessary), ไธๅฏๆฌ (essential) and ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹(to indicate how much time is needed)
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้“ๅ…ทใฏใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚’ๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใฎใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆš–ๆˆฟใฏๅ†ฌใ‚’ๅฟซ้ฉใซ้Žใ”ใ™ใฎใซไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใ™   
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚’่ชฌๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใฏๆ™‚้–“ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™    
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใใฎใซไธ€ใƒถๆœˆใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ 
ใƒปThis tool is used for cutting pipe
ใƒปIn order to pass the winter comfortably, (Indoor) heating is essential
ใƒปTo convince him, time is necessary
ใƒปTo write this paper, it takes a month
โœ–๏ธŽใ€€Wrong Usage
ใƒป็•™ๅญฆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใฎใซ้ฃŸในใ‚‹    
ใƒปIn order to study abroad, I am learning English
ใƒปIn order to live, we eat

โ“‡ใ€€Related Expression

keredomo/kedoButใƒปAlthough
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไธญๅ›ฝไบบใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฏใ‚ใพใ‚ŠไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ†ใพใ„
ใƒปThat Chinese person isnโ€™t very good in Japanese but his English is good
temoEvenใƒปEven if
Comparison:
noni more leans to a factual situation
temo to a hypothetical situation or with less expectations
temo is use with a question-words
ใƒปไธญๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใ‚‚่ชญใฟใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปไธญๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉ่ชญใฟใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปไธญๅฑฑใ•ใ‚“ใฏๆœฌใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใฎใซ่ชญใฟใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ‚‚ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใงใ™    
ใƒปEven if Nakayama-san buys books, he doesn't read it
ใƒปAlthough Nakayama-san buys books, he doesn't read it    
ใƒปEven though Nakayama-san buys books, he doesn't read it    
ใƒปNo matter what I eat, it taste good

ใŸใ‚ใซ

โ‘ ใ€€Benefit For the sake ofใƒปFor the benefit of

โšญใ€€N+no + tame(ni)
Follows a noun denoting a person or a thing and in dictates some kind of benefit for it
ใƒปใ“ใ‚“ใชใซใใคใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ„ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ๅ›ใฎใŸใ‚ใ 
ใƒปใฟใ‚“ใชใฎใŸใ‚ใ‚’ๆ€ใฃใฆใ‚„ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ 
ใƒปๅฎถๆ—ใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏ่‡ช็„ถใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็”ฐ่ˆŽใงๆšฎใ‚‰ใ™ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„
ใƒปItโ€™s for your sake that I say such harsh things
ใƒปI did it with everyoneโ€™s good in mind
ใƒปIโ€™m working for the sake of my family
ใƒปFor children, Itโ€™s better to live in the countryside surrounded by nature

โ‘กใ€€Purpose In order toใƒปForใƒปSo that

โšญใ€€Vru/N+no + tameni
Expresses purpose but both subject of both clauses must be the same
Express something that can be done by oneโ€™s will (volitional)
Express of wanting to become a (profession) (N + ni naru + tameni)
Itโ€™s flatter or more neutral
ใƒปไธ–็•Œๅนณๅ’ŒใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅ›ฝ้š›ไผš่ญฐใŒ้–‹ใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฐๅญฆๆ กใงใฏ้บๆ–‡ๅŒ–็†่งฃใฎใŸใ‚ใซ็•™ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅค–ๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใšใ„ใถใ‚“ๆ™‚้–“ใจใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸ    
ใƒปๅ…ฅๅ ดๅˆธใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆœๆ—ฉใใ‹ใ‚‰ไธฆใ‚“ใ     
ใƒปๅฎถใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใŸใ‚ใซๆœใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ™ฉใพใงๅƒใ    
ใƒปๅฐ่ชฌๅฎถใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆœฌใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“่ชญใฟใพใ™    
ใƒปAn international conference for world peace will be held
ใƒปThe elementary school invited ex-change students for cultural understanding
ใƒปI have used a quite a lot of time and money to learn foreign language
ใƒปI queued from early morning in order to get an entrance ticket
ใƒปI work from dawn to dusk in order to buy a house
ใƒปIn order to become a novelist, I read a lot of books
โœ–๏ธŽใ€€Wrong Usage
ใƒป่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅคงใใ„ๅฃฐใง่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ˆใๅ†ทใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใซๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ„ใŸ
ใƒปI spoke loudly for hearing
ใƒปI put it in fridge to get cold

โ“‡ใ€€Related Expression

youniIn order toใƒปSo that
ใƒป่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅคงใใ„ๅฃฐใง่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ˆใๅ†ทใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ†ท่”ตๅบซใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใฆใŠใ„ใŸ
ใƒปI spoke loudly in order to be heard
ใƒปI put it in the fridge  so that it will get would get cold

ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ

โ‘ ใ€€Purpose In order toใƒปforใƒปSo that

โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai/Vpot + you(ni)
Expresses purpose, both subject of both clauses may differ
Preceding verb uses non-volitional verbs, potential verbs and negative verbs
Non-volitional: ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹(seen), ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ (heard), ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹(understand), ใงใใ‚‹(to be able), ใชใ‚‹(to become)
Potential: ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹(can speak), ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹(can read), ๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹(can write), ๆณณใ’ใ‚‹(can swim)
Use with a change of state ( I-Adj+ku/Na-Adj+ni + naru + youni)
ใƒปๅพŒใ‚ใฎๅธญใ‚‚ไบบใซใ‚‚่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅคงใใ„ใชๅฃฐใง่ฉฑใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅญไพ›ใซใ‚‚่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅๅ‰ใซใตใ‚ŠใŒใชใ‚’ใคใ‘ใŸ
ใƒป่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใใฃใจๅธƒๅ›ฃใ‚’ๅ‡บใŸ
ใƒปๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใซใƒกใƒขใ—ใฆใŠใ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒใ‚ˆใ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฏŽๆ—ฅๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปๆ„ๅญใŒๅฎถใงไป•ไบ‹ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ˆถ่ฆชใฏๅฎถใ‚’ๆ”น็ฏ‰ใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI said it in a loud voice so that even the people sit at the back could hear
ใƒปI put my name in furigana so that eve children would be able to read it
ใƒปI got out of the futon softly, so as not to wake the baby
ใƒปI will make a note of this so I wonโ€™t forget
ใƒปSo that I can speak Japanese well, I am practicing everyday
ใƒปIn order to improve my Japanese, I am studying everyday
ใƒปThe father renovated the house so that his son could work from home

โ‘กใ€€Admonition (Please) doใƒป(Please) not do

โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai + you(ni)
Used to give advice to or to remonstrate with the listener
Often use ใ—ใชใ„, ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„, ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ but can be omitted
โ€œNiโ€ in youni is possible to be omitted but negative clause (Vnai+youni) itโ€™s unusual
ใƒปๅฟ˜ใ‚Œ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปๆ™‚้–“ๅ†…ใซ็ต‚ไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใชใ™
ใƒป้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ๅผ•ใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ”ๆณจๆ„ใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒป้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ๅผ•ใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ใŸใŸใ‹ใใ—ใฆใญ
ใƒป็ง่ชžใฏๆ…Žใ‚€ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใชใ•ใ„
ใƒป้›†ๅˆๆ™‚้–“ใฏๅฎˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
ใƒปๆŽˆๆฅญไธญใฏใŠๅ–‹ใ‚Šใ—ใชใ•ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
ใƒปDonโ€™t leave anything behind
ใƒปFor within the allotted time, please finish
ใƒปSo that you donโ€™t catch a cold, please be careful
ใƒปSo that you donโ€™t catch a cold, keep warm
ใƒปFor whispering among your selves, please donโ€™t do โ—ฆ Refrain from whispering
ใƒปKeep to the appointed time
ใƒปNo chatting during class

โ‘ขใ€€PrayใƒปHopeใƒปWish PrayใƒปHopeใƒปWish

โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai/Vpot + you(ni)
Expresses oneโ€™s or anotherโ€™s hopes, prayers and wishes
Often uses ๆŠ˜ใ‚‹(pray), ๆŠ˜ๅฟต(say a prayer), ๆœ›ใ‚€(desire),ใ€€้ก˜ใ†(wish), ๅธŒๆœ›(hope), ๆœŸๅพ…(expect) in the latter verb
Often used to bring a speech or letter to a close
ใƒปๆฏๅญใŒๅคงๅญฆใซๅˆๆ ผใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ฅžใซ็ฅˆใฃใŸ
ใƒป็พ็ŠถใŒใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆ”นๅ–„ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๅนดใŒๅคšใใจใ—ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†็ฅˆใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆ—ฉใๅ…จๅฟซใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†็ฅˆๅฟตใ„ใŸใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ‹ๅˆๆ ผใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
ใƒปๅ…จใฆใŒใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Š้–“ๅฐ‚ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
ใƒปI prayed to god that my son would pass the university exam
ใƒปI hope the present situation will improve again
ใƒปWishing you a joyful new year
ใƒปI am praying for your swift ad complete recovery
ใƒปWishing you success in the exams
ใƒปHoping alleges well
ใƒปPraying that it does not rain tomorrow

โ‘ฃใ€€Simile LikeใƒปAs

โšญใ€€Vplain/I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + you(ni)ใ€€+ใ€€Adj/V
Liken to something
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณๅฟƒใฏๆฐทใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ†ทใŸใ„
ใƒป่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏ็ซใŒใคใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆณฃใๅ‡บใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ–ฐ่ฃฝๅ“ใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ˆใๅฃฒใ‚ŒใŸ
ใƒปHer heart is as cold as ice
ใƒปThe baby burst out crying as if she were on fire
ใƒปThe new product sold like hot cakes

โ‘คใ€€Example LikeใƒปAs

โšญใ€€Vplain/I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + you(ni)ใ€€+ใ€€Adj/V
Give specific example of a person or a thing
ใƒป็งใŒ็™บ้Ÿณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ‚ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ‚ใฎไบบใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒใƒšใƒฉใƒšใƒฉ่ฉฑใ›ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใฎใซ
ใƒปๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒใŠใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใŠไผใˆใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปPlease pronounce it as I do, after me
ใƒปI wish I could speak English as. fluently as that person
ใƒปI told it as my teacher told it to me

Related Expression

โ“‡ใ€€younaLikeใƒปAs

โšญใ€€Vplain/I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + younaใ€€+ใ€€N
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ”่ฆชๅˆ‡ใชๆ–นใฏใชใ‹ใชใ‹ๅ‡บไผšใˆใพใ›ใ‚“
ใƒปๅฝผใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชไบบใงใฏใชใ„
ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅŸŽใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฎถใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒป6ๆœˆใŒใใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใชใฎใซ็œŸๅคใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆš‘ใ•ใ 
ใƒปItโ€™s not very often we meet people as kind as you
ใƒปHe is not the kind of person you think he is
ใƒปHe lives In a house that looks like a castle
ใƒปJune has just arrived and it's as hot as the middle of summer

โ“‡ใ€€youdaApparentlyใƒปIt seems thatใƒปLooks like

โšญใ€€Vplain/I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + youda
Speaker makes conjecture based on what is felt or observed
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้›ชใฏใพใ‚‹ใง็ถฟใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใ“ใฎ็‰›ไนณใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆ‚ชใใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้ขจ้‚ช่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใจใฉใ†ใ‚‚็œ ใใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒป็Ž„้–ขใฎใƒ™ใƒซใŒ้ณดใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๆฃฎใ•ใ‚“ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใŒใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้…’ใฏๆฐดใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใฏๆ˜”ๅญฆๆ กใ ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
ใƒปThis snow looks like cotton
ใƒปOh, this milk seems to have gone a bit bad
ใƒปThis cold medicine seems to make me sleepy
ใƒปLooks like the doorbell rang
ใƒปMr. Mori did not look well today
ใƒปThis sake is like water
ใƒปIt seems that this palce used to be a school

โ“‡ใ€€youni naruget to a pointใƒปreach to a point whereใƒปcome to ใƒปstarted to

โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai/Vpot + youni naru
โšญใ€€Vnai โ†’ Vnaku + naru
Abilities, conditions, or customs change
When indicating prior state no longer exists
Not appended to verbs expressing change
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป็œผ้กใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€้ป’ๆฟใฎๅญ—ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒป่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏใšใ„ใถใ‚“ๆดป็™บใซๅ‹•ใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้šฃใฎๅญไพ›ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใใกใ‚“ใจๆŒจๆ‹ถใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆณจๆ„ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ๆ–‡ๅฅใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ
ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ้ฃŸไบ‹ใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ€ใ•ใ—ใฟใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆฅๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใฎ้ง…ใซใ‚‚ๆ€ฅ่กŒใŒๆญขใพใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
ใƒปๆฏใ‚‚ใ‚„ใฃใจใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใŒไฝฟใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ“ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†ใ™ใ้ข็™ฝใ•ใŒๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้“ใฏไปŠ้€šใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅทฅไบ‹ใŒๅง‹ใพใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใฎ้“ใฏ้€šใ‚Œใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆŽˆๆฅญใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI have become able speak Japanese
ใƒปIf I wear glasses, I can be able to see the writing on the blackboard
ใƒปThe baby has become much more active
ใƒปThe neighbour's child has recently begun make a proper greeting
ใƒปAfter I had a word, he stopped complaining
ใƒปI have recently become accustomed to Japanese food and can now eat sashimi!
ใƒปExpress trains will be stopping at this station from next month
ใƒปMy mother is happy to finally be able to use a computer
ใƒปYou'll start to see the fun in it soon!
ใƒปThis road is now impassable
ใƒปConstruction work has started and that road is no longer passable
ใƒปI don't study much these days, so I don't understand the lessons anymore

โ“‡ใ€€youni surumake a point of doingใƒปdo in such away thatใƒปto try to, make sure to

โšญใ€€Vru/Vnai/Vpot + youni suru
Make an efforts with the aim of or aim to to see to it that an action or situation occurs
Habitual attitude toward something
ใƒปใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘่‹ฑไผšใŠใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆฒนใ‚‚ใฎใฏ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใง่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซใ„ใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๆˆ็ธพใŒใ‚ˆใใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸ
ใƒปไบบใซไผšใ†ใจใใฏใ€็ด„ๆŸใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
ใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใฏ้•ทใ„ๆ™‚้–“ใ€็ถšใ‘ใฆใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏๅฅๅบทใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๆฏŽๆ™ฉใ€1 ๆ™‚้–“ใใ‚‰ใ„ๆญฉใใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ„
ใƒป็งใฏ่‚‰ใ‚’ๅฐใ•ใๅˆ‡ใฃใฆใ€ๅญไพ›ใซใ‚‚้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸ
ใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใฏใƒกใ‚ขใƒชใŒ่กŒใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใŸ
ใƒปI try to watch as much Eikaiwa TV as possible
ใƒปI try not to eat fried foods
ใƒปI try to speak in Japanese as much as possible
ใƒปI make a point of asking my teacher about things I don't understand
ใƒปI made sure my grades were good
ใƒปWhen you meet people, try to keep your appointments
ใƒปI try not to use the computer for long periods of time
ใƒปI try to walk for about an hour every evening to keep fit
ใƒปI cut the meat into small pieces and made sure that even children could eat it
ใƒปJohn made sure that Mary could go

ใจใ„ใ†

General Concept

toiu is a added to link an external relative clause which provides information about a noun.

โ‘  Never take toiu with nouns expressing feelings (sound, smell, pain) or those perceive through senses (photo, music)
ใƒป่…ใฃใŸ้ญšใฎๅŒ‚ใ„ใŒใฒใฉใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใƒˆใฎๅผทใ„้ŸณๆฅฝใŒๅฅฝใใ 
ใƒปThe smell of rotten fish is disgusting
ใƒปI like music with a strong beat
โ‘ก Always take toiu with abstract concepts expressing thoughts or assertions (rumor, fact/thing, opinion, reason, thought)
ใƒปๆ”ฟๅบœใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใƒฉใ‚นใƒ™ใ‚ฌใง็ตๅฉšใ—ใŸใ„ใฃใฆใ†ใ‚ใ•ใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใ‹ใช๏ผŸ
ใƒปIs your opinion that the government is bad?
ใƒปIs the rumor that they want to get married in Las Vegas true?
โ‘ข In other cases or events like work or incident, It doesnโ€™t really matter whether you use toiu or not
ใƒปๆผซ็”ปใ‚’็ฟป่จณใ™ใ‚‹(ใฃใฆ)ไป•ไบ‹ใฏๆฅฝใ—ใ„
ใƒป็”ทใŒๆญปใ‚“ใ (ใจใ„ใ†)ไบ‹ไปถใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ
ใƒปThe job of translating manga is fun
ใƒปThere was an incident in which a man died

Usage

โ‘ ใ€€Naming CalledใƒปNamed

โšญใ€€N1 + toiu + N2
Specify the name of second nominal (N2)
ใƒปใ‚จใƒ“ใ‚นใจใ„ใ†ๅฐใ•ใ„็”บใ ใฃใŸ
ใƒปใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆกƒๅคช้ƒŽใจใ„ใ†็”ทใฎๅญใŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้›ชๅ›ฝใจใ„ใ†ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฑฑๅฃ็œŒใฎ่ฉใจใ„ใ†ๆ‰€ใธ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปIt was a small town called Ebisu
ใƒปOnce upon a time, there was a boy called Momotaro
ใƒปI read a novel called Snow Country
ใƒปI went to a place called Hagi in Yamaguchi prefecture

โ‘กใ€€Emphasis

โšญใ€€Nใ€€+ toiu + N
Empasizing the nominal by mentioning twice
ใƒป้“่ทฏใจใ„ใ†้“่ทฏใฏ่ปŠใงใ‚ใตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปๅฎถใจใ„ใ†ๅฎถใฏ้ฃพใ‚Šใ‚’ใ„ใฃใฑใ„ใคใ‘ใฆ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใฎๅ–œใณใ‚’ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒซใฎ็ช“ใจใ„ใ†็ช“ใซไบบใฎ้ก”ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸ
ใƒปไผšๅ ดใ‚’ๅ‡บใฆใใ‚‹้ธๆ‰‹ใฎ้ก”ใจใ„ใ†้ก”ใซๆบ€่ถณๆ„ŸใŒใฟใกใ‚ใตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸ
ใƒปThe road that was full of cars
ใƒปThe house that was full of decorations to show the joy of independence
ใƒปThe window of the building that has face in it
ใƒปThe face of each and every player leaving the venue was filled with satisfaction

โ‘ขใ€€Direct & Indirect Speech SaysใƒปSayingใƒปSaid

โšญใ€€Clause + toiu
Quoting or reporting what other person says, saying or said

Direct

ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใŠๅคฉๆฐ—ใ ใญใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ŒใŠ่…นใŒใ™ใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€ŒไปŠใ€ใ™ใ”ใๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ
ใƒปShe said, "The weather is nice!"
ใƒปShe said, "This is delicious!"
ใƒปShe said, "I'm hungry!"
ใƒปShe said, "I'm very busy right now"

Indirect

ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ„ใ„ใŠๅคฉๆฐ—ใ ใญใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ€ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒป้›ชๅ›ฝใจใ„ใ†ๅฐ่ชฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปŠใ€ใ™ใ”ใๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ
ใƒปShe said (that) the weather was nice
ใƒปShe said (that) it was delicious
ใƒปShe said (that) she was hungry
ใƒปShe said (that) she was very busy right now

โ‘ฃใ€€Content that

โšญใ€€Clause + toiu + N
Describes the content of the nominal or what it does represents
Example of nominals:

talk ่ฉฑ, rumor ใ†ใ‚ใ•, talk/rumor ่ฉ•ๅˆค, regulation ่ฆๅ‰‡ , article ่จ˜ไบ‹ , info ๆƒ…ๅ ฑ
reason ็†็”ฑ, fact ใ“ใจ, opinion ๆ„่ฆ‹ , message ้€ฃ็ตก, notice ใ—ใ‚‰ใ›, thought ่€ƒใˆ

ใƒปๆฏใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅๆœˆๆ—ฅๆœฌใธๆฅใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ‰‹็ด™ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๅ…„ใ‹ใ‚‰็ตๅฉšใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใŒๆฅใŸ
ใƒปๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฏๅฐ‘ๅญๅŒ–ใŒใ‚‚ใฃใจ้€ฒใ‚€ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅญฆๆ กใซใฏใ€็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏ้ซชใ‚’ๆŸ“ใ‚ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใ†่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปใ“ใฎไผš็คพใซใฏใ€ไป•ไบ‹ใฏ5ๆ™‚ใพใงใ ใจใ„ใ†่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฑฑ็”ฐใ•ใ‚“ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใง็”ปๅฎถใ ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‹ใŒใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใฏไผš็คพ็ตŒๅ–ถ่€…ใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ†ใ‚ใ•ใŒๆตใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅˆฐ็€ใŒไธ€ๆ—ฅ้…ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†้€ฃ็ตกใŒๅ…ฅใฃใŸ
ใƒปMy mother has written to say she is coming to Japan next month
ใƒปI got the news from my brother that he was getting married
ใƒปI read an article that the birthrate will be even lower in Japan
ใƒปThere's a rule in this school that students can't dye their hair
ใƒปThere is a rule in this company that you have to work until 5 o'clock
ใƒปMr. Yamada says he's an artist, but there are rumours that he's really a company manager 
ใƒปA message came that she would be arriving a day late  

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โ‘ ใ€€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ or ratherใƒปor perhaps I should sayใƒปI mean

โšญใ€€Vplain/I-Adj/Na-Adj/N + toiuka
Use to make a parenthetical statement of an impression or judgement about a person or event, etc.
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆใ€ใปใ‚“ใจใซใฐใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€ๅ›ฐใฃใŸไบบใ 
ใƒปๆœฌใ‚’ใชใใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใใŸใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ็ขบใ‹ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปใคใพใฟ้ฃŸใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ€ๅฎŒ้ฃŸใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸใŒ
ใƒปใŸใถใ‚“่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ€‚ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่กŒใ‘ใชใ„
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏใ€้ข็™ฝใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€็ใ—ใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใจใซใ‹ใๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ 
ใƒปHe's really stupid or troubled to do such a thing
ใƒปAre you sure you lost your book, or rather, left it somewhere?
ใƒปI'd say he was nibbling, but it looked like he was finishing the meal
ใƒปI probably won't go. I mean, I can't go because I don't have the money
ใƒปThat's interesting, or unusual, or just plain weird

โ‘กใ€€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ this meansใƒปthe meaning of..isใƒปbecauseใƒปthat is to say

โšญใ€€Clause/N + toiu no wa + (reason/explanation/definition)
This expression does not necessarily require a clear cause-effect relationship but
Used to provide supplementary explanation
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
ใƒปใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ๆœฌๅฝ“ใงใ™ใ‹
ใƒปๅฝผๅฅณใŒใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใงๆˆ้•ทใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏๆœ‰ๅใ 
ใƒปใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ่‚‰ใฏ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€่œ้ฃŸไธป็พฉใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
ใƒปๆœชๆฅใ‚’ไบˆๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใพใ•ใซ้žๅธธใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฏๅตใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒป็ตๅฉšใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใ†่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็ตๅฉšใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅคงไบ‹ใชใ“ใจใงใ™
ใƒปใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็จผใŽใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฒฏใ‚ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ™ใฐใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆ
ใƒปHow about putting in a contact?
ใƒปIs it true that you're going to do it?
ใƒปIt's well known that she grew up in America.
ใƒปI don't eat meat. I don't eat meat, because I'm a vegetarian.
ใƒปPredicting the future is indeed a very difficult thing to do.
ใƒปI don't eat eggs, because I'm allergic to them. I don't eat eggs, because I'm allergic to them.
ใƒปIt's very important that everyone who wants to get married can get married.
ใƒปI thought it was wonderful to earn money and save it to buy something.

ใชใ‚“ใ‹

You can replace nanka with nante The meaning and nuances are pretty exactly the same with slight difference

ใชใ‚“ใ‹

โ‘  tatoeba

When you are suggesting something โ—ฆ How about this
ใƒปใ“ใฎ้–“ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใ—ใŸใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใชใ‚“ใ‹ใฉใ†
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅธฝๅญใชใ‚“ใ‹ใฉใ†
ใƒปHow about the Italian restaurant that opened recently?
ใƒปHow about this hat? 

โ‘กใ€€keishi

When you are disregarding something โ—ฆ Look down on something
ใƒปๅญฆๆ กใชใ‚“ใ‹่กŒใใŸใใชใ„
ใƒปๅ‹‰ๅผทใชใ‚“ใ‹ใ—ใŸใใชใ„
ใƒปๅธฝๅญใชใ‚“ใ‹ใ‹ใถใ‚‹ใ‹ใช๏ผŸ
ใƒปI don't want to go to school
ใƒปI don't want to study
ใƒปDo you think he'll wear a hat?

โ‘ข kenson

Humility โ—ฆ Modesty
ใƒป็งใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใชใ‚“ใ‹ใพใ ใพใ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใชใ‚“ใ‹ใŒ้ธใถใ‚ˆใ‚ŠใƒŸใ‚ทใ‚งใƒซใŒ้ธใ‚“ใ ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปMy Japanese is not good enough
ใƒปSo it's better for Michelle to choose than for me to choose
ใชใ‚“ใฆ

โ‘ฃใ€€odoroki โ—ฆ kandou

When you are surprised โ—ฆ Excitement โ—ฆ Impressed with a fact
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆใ™ใ”ใ„ใŠ้‡‘ๆŒใกใชใ‚“ใ ใญ
ใƒปๆฏŽๆ—ฅใƒฉใƒณใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใชใ‚“ใฆๅ‰ใ„ใญ
ใƒปใชใ‚“ใฆ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใใ†ใชใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใชใ‚“ใฆ่‰ฏใ„1ๆ—ฅใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปใ‚ใ๏ผใชใ‚“ใฆ่ฑช่ฏใชใƒฉใƒณใƒใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปใˆ๏ผ3000ๅ††ใชใ‚“ใฆ้ซ˜ใ™ใŽใงใ—ใ‚‡
ใƒป็งใชใ‚“ใฆใƒŸใ‚ทใ‚งใƒซใจ้•ใฃใฆ่ฒงไนใชใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
ใƒปYou must be very rich to eat steak every day!
ใƒปGood on you for running every day!
ใƒปWhat a delicious looking cake!
ใƒปWhat a good day!
ใƒปWow! What a sumptuous lunch!
ใƒปWhat! 3000 yen is too much!
ใƒปI'm not like Michelle, I'm poor!

ใพใพ

โ‘ ใ€€To leave to leave.. someting on

โšญใ€€Vta + mama
Expresses leaving something on
ใƒปใ‘ใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใŸใพใพใญใŸ
ใƒปใพใฉใ‚’ใ‚ใ‘ใŸใพใพใ 
ใƒป้›ปๆฐ—ใคใ‘ใŸใพใพใ 
ใƒป้›ปๆฐ—ใคใ‘ใŸใพใพใ ใฃใŸใ‚ˆ
ใƒป้›ปๆฐ—ใคใ‘ใŸใพใพใซใ—ใชใ„ใง
ใƒปใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใŸใพใพไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸ
ใƒปI slept with my make-up on
ใƒปI left the window open
ใƒปI left the lights on
ใƒปYou left the light  on
ใƒปDonโ€™t leave the light on
ใƒปI went to work, leaving the TV on

โ‘กใ€€As it is the way it isใƒปas it is

โšญใ€€kono/sono/arino + mama
Expresses something as it is
ใƒปใใฎใพใพใงใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใใฎใพใพใงใ‹ใ‚“ใบใใ ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚Šใฎใพใพใงใ‹ใ‚“ใบใใ ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปใ“ใฎใพใพใพใฃใ™ใใ„ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปใ“ใฎใพใพใงใ„ใŸใ‚‰
ใƒปใใฎใพใพใงใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปYou are perfect the way you are
ใƒปYou are perfect the way you are
ใƒปYou are perfect the way you are
ใƒปPlease keep going straight
ใƒปIf I stay like this..
ใƒปLeave it like that..(itโ€™s ok)

โ‘ข Stay as stay as

โšญใ€€I-Adj/Na-Adj+na/N+no + mama
Expresses something as it is
ใƒป่‹ฅใ„ใพใพใงใ„ใŸใ„
ใƒปใ‘ใ‚“ใ“ใ†ใชใพใพใงใ„ใฆใญ
ใƒปใšใฃใจๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎใพใพใงใ„ใŸใ„
ใƒปI want to stay young
ใƒปPlease stay healthy
ใƒปIโ€™d like to be a student forever

โ‘ฃใ€€Without (leaving) without.. ing

โšญใ€€Vnai + mama
Expresses without doing or leaving something on
ใƒป่‹ฑ่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใชใ„ใพใพใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใซ่กŒใฃใŸ
ใƒปๅฝผใฏไผ‘ใพใชใ„ใพใพใšใฃใจๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹
ใƒปI went to US without being able to speak English
ใƒปHe works constantly without taking a break

ใชใ„ใง

โ‘ ใ€€naide without doingใƒปnot doing

โšญใ€€Vnai + de + S
Without doing or not doing the first clause proceed with doing the second clause as it is
A ใชใ„ใง B โ†’ A ใ‚’ ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“. B ใ‚’ ใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใŒใญใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใชใ„ใงๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป็ ‚็ณ–ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™
ใƒปๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ„ใงๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใง็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปI teach without wearing glasses
ใƒปI drink my coffee without sugar
ใƒปI went out without an umbrella
ใƒปPlease answer without looking at the textbook

โ‘กใ€€nakute due to/since (not doing/having)

โšญใ€€Vnai/I-Adji+ku/Na-Adj+deใƒปja/N+ga + nakute + S
First clause is the reason that causes the second clause
Second clause often use to show feelings or emotions
A ใชใใฆ B โ†’ A ใฏ B ใฎ็†็”ฑใงใ™
ใƒปๅฎถๆ—ใซไผšใˆใชใใฆๅฏ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™
ใƒปใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใใฆๅ‹้”ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅฏ’ใใชใใฆใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™
ใƒปใŠใฐใ‘ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใใฆๅฎ‰ๅฟƒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€€
ใƒปSince I couldn't see my see my family, I feel lonely
ใƒปSince I didn't have any money, I borrowed from a friend
ใƒปSince it's not cold today, I'm glad 
ใƒปSince it's not a ghost, I'm relieved

โ‘ขใ€€zuni without doingใƒปnot doing

โšญใ€€Vn + zuni + S
Without doing or not doing the first clause proceed with doing the second clause as it is
Primarily used in written language
A ใชใ„ใง B โ†’ A ใ‚’ ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“. B ใ‚’ ใ—ใพใ™
ใƒปใ‚ใŒใญใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘ใšใซๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
ใƒป็ ‚็ณ–ใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใšใซใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™
ใƒปๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใšใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
ใƒปๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธใ‚’่ฆ‹ใšใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
ใƒปI teach without wearing glasses
ใƒปI drink my coffee without sugar
ใƒปI went out without an umbrella
ใƒปPlease answer without looking at the textbook

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ใƒปใŠ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฏไฝ•ใซใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWhat would you like to drink?  
ใƒปใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใŒใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใŠๆฐดใ‚’ใŠๆŒใกใ—ใพใ™  
ใƒปCetainly. Here is the menu. And I'll get you some water  
ใƒปใŠๆฐดใงใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆณจๆ–‡ใฏใŠๆฑบใพใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปHere is the water. Have you decided what to order?  
ใƒปใ„ใˆใ€ใพใ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„  
ใƒปNo, not yet. Just give me a little more time  
ใƒปใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ”ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใฉใ†ใžใ€‚  
ใƒปOf course. Please take your time  
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅพŒใฎๆ–นใŒใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWould you like me to do it a little later?  
ใƒปใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ”ๆณจๆ–‡ใฏไฝ•ใซใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWhat would you like to order?  
ใƒปใƒใ‚ญใƒณใฎใ‚นใƒ—ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใ‚ฐใƒชใƒผใƒณใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„  
ใƒปChicken springs, green salad, please  
ใƒปใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใซใฏใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใŒไป˜ใใพใ™  
ใƒปCertainly. This salad is served with soup  
ใƒปใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒŸใƒผใ€ใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใจใƒŸใƒใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWould you like creamy tomato soup or minestrone?  
ใƒปใใฎไป–ใซใ”ๆณจๆ–‡ใฏใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปDo you have any other orders?  
ใƒปใ„ใˆใ€ไปฅไธŠใงใ™  
ใƒปNo, more than that  
ใƒปใŠๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใจใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใงใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™  
ใƒปThank you for waiting. Here is the soup and the salad  
ใƒปๅพก็”จใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใซใฏใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„  
ใƒปPlease let me know if you need anything else  
ใƒปใŠ้ฃŸไบ‹ใฏใŠๆธˆใฟใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?  
ใƒปAre you done with your meal?  
ใƒปใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใฎใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใฏใ”่ฆงใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWould you like to see the dessert menu?  
ใƒปใ„ใˆใ€็ตๆง‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ใŠไผš่จˆใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™  
ใƒปNo, thank you. Can I have the bill, please?  

Icecream

ใƒปใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฆใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWould you like to try some ice cream?  
ใƒปใฏใ„ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไฝ•ใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹่ฟทใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™  
ใƒปYes. But I'm not sure what to choose  
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‹ใŠๅฅฝใใชใŠๅ‘ณใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปDo you have a favorite flavor?  
ใƒปใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใจใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ™ใƒชใƒผใ€ใƒใƒ‹ใƒฉใ‚’่ฉฆ้ฃŸใ—ใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?  
ใƒปWhy don't you try chocolate, strawberry and vanilla?  
ใƒป็งใซใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็”˜ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™  
ใƒปIt's a little too sweet for me  
ใƒปๆฌกใฏใƒใƒ‹ใƒฉใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใฆใฟใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปCan I try the vanilla next?  
ใƒปใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใปใ†ใŒๅฅฝใฟใงใ™  
ใƒปThan the chocolate, I prefer this one  
ใƒปใ‚นใƒˆใƒญใƒ™ใƒชใƒผใŒไธ€ ็•ช ไบบๆฐ—ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆ  
ใƒปStrawberry is the most popular  
ใƒป่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™!ใฉใ‚Œใซใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปGreat! Which one would you like?  
ใƒปใ‚ณใƒผใƒณใจใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใซใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?  
ใƒปWould you like a cone or a cup?  

Newcar

ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใซ้ซ˜ใใชใใฆใ€ไฟก้ ผๆ€งใฎ้ซ˜ใ„่ปŠใŒใ„ใ„ใช  
ใƒปI'd like a car that's not that expensive and reliable  
ใƒปใ†ใ‚“ใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใงๆŽขใ—ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹  
ใƒปYeah, I'll look for it online  
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œ่ฆ‹ใฆใ€‚4,000ใƒ‰ใƒซใงใ€1ไธ‡ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใฏใ—ใ‹่ตฐใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‚ˆ  
ใƒปLook at this one. Itโ€™s $4,000 and it only has ten thousand miles on it  
ใƒปใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฎ‰ใ„ใญใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‹ๅ• ้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆ?  
ใƒปIt's very cheap. Maybe there's something wrong with it?  
ใƒปใใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใญใ€‚ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†  
ใƒปMaybe so. Let's take a closer look  
ใƒปไฝ•ๅนดๅผใฎ่ปŠ?  
ใƒปWhat year is it?  
ใƒปใใ‚“ใชใซๅคใใชใ„ใญ  
ใƒปIt's not that old  
ใƒป่‰ฏใ„่‰ฒใ ใญ!ใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใŠใ“ใ†  
ใƒปOh, thatโ€™s a good color. Letโ€™s add that car to our list  
ใƒปใ‹ใชใ‚Š่ตฐใฃใฆใ‚‹ใญ  
ใƒปThat's quite a run  
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ“ใฎไผš็คพใฎ่ปŠใฏ่€ไน…ๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ  
ใƒปYes, it is. But this company's cars are very durable  
ใƒป็ขบใ‹ใซใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚่ปŠใฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใฏใ„ใ„ใฎ?  
ใƒปThat's for sure. Is the car in good condition?  
ใƒปใƒชใ‚ขใƒใƒณใƒ‘ใƒผใซๅฐใ•ใชๅ‡นใฟใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฏๅคงไธˆๅคซใฟใŸใ„  
ใƒปThere is a small dent in the rear bumper. But other than that it looks fine  
ใƒปใใ†ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†  
ใƒปLet's do that  

Kitten

ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ“ใฃใกใซๆฅใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ!  
ใƒปCome here for a minute and look at this!
ใƒปไฝ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใŸใฎ?
ใƒปWhat did you find?
ใƒปๅญ็Œซใ ใ‚ˆ! 
ใƒปIt's a kitten!
ใƒปใˆใƒผ!ใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„!ใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“็Œซใฏใฉใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ?
ใƒปEw! So cute! Where's the mother cat? 
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใจใฃใฆใ‚‚ๅฐใ•ใ„ใช
ใƒปI don't know. It's so small 
ใƒปใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใใ†ใซ!ใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆ 
ใƒปOh, you poor thing! Let's go find your mother 
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ๅƒ•ใŒๅญ็Œซใ‚’ๆŠฑใใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎ่พบใ‚Šใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปThat's right. I'll hold the kitten. We'll look around here.Okay.
ใƒปใใ†ใญใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚ใฃใกใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใฟใฆ
ใƒปRight. You can look over there
ใƒป็งใฏใ“ใฃใกใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚15ๅˆ†ๅพŒใซใ“ใ“ใซๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใญ
ใƒปI'm going to look this way, and I'll be back here in 15 minutes.
ใƒปใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“็Œซ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใŸ? 
ใƒปDid you find the mother cat?
ใƒปใ†ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€Œ่ฟทๅญใฎใญใ“ใ€ใฎใƒใƒฉใ‚ทใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ€่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใซ่ฒผใฃใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆใ€‚ 
ใƒปNo, I don't think so. Let's make flyers for "Lost Cat" and post them around the neighborhood
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ใƒŸใƒฉใฏๅญ—ใŒใใ‚Œใ„ใ ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚ใƒใƒฉใ‚ทๆ›ธใ„ใฆใฟใ‚‹? 
ใƒปThat's right. Mira has beautiful handwriting, doesn't she? Do you want to write a flyer? 
ใƒป่ชฐใ‹็ŒซใŒใ„ใชใใชใฃใŸไบบใŒใ„ใชใ„ใ‹SNSใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใญ 
ใƒปI'll check social media to see if anyone's missing a cat 
ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€็งใฏใƒใƒฉใ‚ทใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใญ
ใƒปOkay, I'll start making flyers     
ใƒปใ“ใฎๅญ็ŒซใฎใŠๅฎถใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ„ใญ 
ใƒปI hope you can find a home for this kitty 
ใƒปใ‚‚ใ—่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚ฆใƒณใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•็‰ฉไฟ่ญทใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใซ้€ฃใ‚Œใฆ่กŒใ“ใ† 
ใƒปIf we can't find them, we'll take them to the animal shelter downtown
ใƒป็งใ‹ใ‚‰ๅๅ‰ใ‚’ใจใฃใฆใ€ใ€ŒใƒŸใƒฉใ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ†ๅๅ‰ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‹ใช
ใƒปI hope they name her โ€œMiraโ€ after me

Pizza

ใƒป็งใŸใกใŒใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใซใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„!
ใƒปI can't believe we're in New York!
ใƒปใ‚ใกใ“ใก่ฆ‹ๅ›žใ‚‹ใฎใ€ใ‚ใใ‚ใใ—ใกใ‚ƒใ†!
ใƒปI'm so excited to look around!
ใƒปๅƒ•ใ‚‚ใ€‚ไปŠใ™ใ”ใใƒใƒƒใƒ”ใƒผใ ใ‚ˆ!
ใƒปMe too. I'm so happy right now!
ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ใพใšไฝ•ใŒใ—ใŸใ„?
ใƒปSo what do you want to do first?
ใƒปใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใŸใชใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‹้ฃŸในใชใ„?
ใƒปI'm very hungry. Do you want something to eat?
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญ!ไฝ•ใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„?
ใƒปOh, yeah! What do you want to eat?
ใƒปใ›ใฃใ‹ใใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ถใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆ!
ใƒปSince we're in New York, let's have some pizza!
ใƒปใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใฎใƒ”ใ‚ถใฏๆœ€ ้ซ˜ใ ใฃใฆ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
ใƒปI've heard that the pizza in New York is the best
ใƒป้“ใฎๅ‘ใ“ใ†ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซ ่กŒใ„ ใฃใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปLet's go to the restaurant across the street
ใƒปใ“ใ“ใพใงใƒ”ใ‚ถใฎๅŒ‚ใ„ใŒใ™ใ‚‹!
ใƒปIt smells like pizza up here!
ใƒปใฉใ‚Œใ‚’ๆณจ ๆ–‡ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใ‹ใช?
ใƒปWhich one should I order?
ใƒปใƒใƒผใ‚บใƒ”ใ‚ถใŒใŠใ„ใ—ใใ†
ใƒปThe cheese pizza looks delicious!
ใƒป็ขบใ‹ใซใ€‚ๅ›ใฏไฝ•ใ‚’้ ผใ‚€ใฎ?
ใƒปCertainly. What are you going to ask for?
ใƒปใƒšใƒ‘ใƒญใƒ‹ใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใช
ใƒปI think I'll have pepperoni
ใƒปไฝ•ๆžš้ ผใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹?
ใƒปHow many do you want?
ใƒปใƒใƒผใ‚บใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚น2ๆžšใจใƒšใƒ‘ใƒญใƒ‹ใฎใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’2ๆžš้ ผใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปI'll ask for two slices of cheese and two slices of pepperoni
ใƒปใ„ใ„่€ƒใˆใ ใญ!ไบŒไบบใจใ‚‚ใƒใƒผใ‚บใƒ”ใ‚ถใจใƒšใƒ‘ใƒญใƒ‹ใฎไธกๆ–นใ‚’่ฉฆใ›ใ‚‹ใญ
ใƒปThat's a good idea! We can both try both cheese pizza and pepperoni
ใƒป่ฆ‹ใฆ! ็ง ใŸใกใฎใ‚ชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใŒๅ‡บๆฅใŸใ‚ˆ!
ใƒปLook! We've made our order!
ใƒปไธ€ๆžš้ฃŸในใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใช
ใƒปI think I'll try one
ใƒปใ“ใฎใƒ”ใ‚ถใ€ใ™ใ”ใ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„!
ใƒปThis pizza is so good!
ใƒปๆœฌๅฝ“ใ€ใ™ใ”ใ็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„ใญ!
ใƒปIt's really very tasty!
ใƒปไปŠใพใง้ฃŸในใŸใƒ”ใ‚ถใงใ€ไธ€ ็•ช็พŽๅ‘ณใ—ใ„!
ใƒปIt's the best pizza I've ever had!
ใƒป็งใ‚‚ใใ†ๆ€ใ†!ใ“ใฎใƒ”ใ‚ถๆœ€้ซ˜!
ใƒปI think so too! This pizza is the best!

Roommate

ใƒปใ†ใ‚“ใ€ๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅ›ฐใ‚Šใ”ใจใŒใ‚ใฃใฆ
ใƒปYeah, I'm fine. But I'm having a little trouble
ใƒปใ™ใใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒกใ‚คใƒˆใ‚’ๆŽขใ•ใชใใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใฎ
ใƒปI need to find a new roommate soon
ใƒปใ‚ตใƒฉใŒๅผ•ใฃ่ถŠใ—ใŸใฎ?
ใƒปSarah moved out?
ใƒปใใ†ใชใฎใ€‚ๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใƒญใ‚ตใƒณใ‚ผใƒซใ‚นใงไป•ไบ‹ใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใฆ
ใƒปThat's right. She got a job in Los Angeles
ใƒปใใ†ใชใ‚“ใ !ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใญ
ใƒปOh, yeah! That's good to know
ใƒปใ†ใ‚“ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใซใจใฃใฆใฏใญ
ใƒปYes, for her
ใƒปใ‚ตใƒฉใฏใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใชใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒกใ‚คใƒˆใ ใฃใŸใ—
ใƒปAnd Sarah was the perfect roommate.
ใƒปใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ‚ตใƒฉใจๅŒใ˜ใใ‚‰ใ„่‰ฏใ„ไบบใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‚ใ†
ใƒปI don't know how I'm going to find someone as good as Sara
ใƒปใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใชใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒกใ‚คใƒˆใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‘ใฉ
ใƒปHmm, I don't know if I'll ever find the perfect roommate
ใƒป่ชฐใ‹่‰ฏใ„ไบบใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปYou'll find someone good
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใจใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉ
ใƒปI hope you're right
ใƒป่ชฐใ‹ไฝใ‚€ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ€็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ‚‹?
ใƒปDo you know anyone who is looking for a place to live? Do you know anyone?
ใƒปใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ๅ‹ ้”ใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใซ่žใ„ใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปHmm, I'll ask my friend Rebecca
ใƒป็”บใซ่ฟ‘ใ„ใจใ“ใ‚ใซไฝใฟใŸใ„ใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ใ™ใ้€ฃ็ตกใ™ใ‚‹ใญ
ใƒปShe said she wanted to live closer to town. I'll be in touch soon
ใƒปใƒชใ‚บใ€ใพใ ใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒกใ‚คใƒˆๆŽขใ—ใฆใ‚‹?
ใƒปLiz, are you still looking for a roommate?
ใƒปใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใซ่žใ„ใฆใฟใŸใ‘ใฉใ€่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚ใ‚‹ใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใŸใ‚ˆ
ใƒปI asked Rebecca about it. She said she'd be interested
ใƒปๅ›ใซไผšใฃใฆ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใฃใฆ
ใƒปHe wants to meet you, talk to you, see your apartment
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏใ„ใ„ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใญ!ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚็งใฎ้›ป่ฉฑ็•ชๅทไผใˆใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹?
ใƒปThat's good news! Of course. Can you give them my phone number? Will you?
ใƒปใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไธ€ใคๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใฃใฆ
ใƒปIt's fine. But there's just one problem
ใƒปใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใฏ็Œซใ‚’้ฃผใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ๅ›ใฏ็ŒซใŒๅซŒใ„ใ ใ‚ˆใญ
ใƒปRebecca has a cat. I know you don't like cats
ใƒปใใฎ็Œซใฃใฆใ„ใ„็Œซ?
ใƒปIs that a good cat?
ใƒปใ†ใ‚“ใ€่‰ฏใ„ๅญใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ„ใ‹ใ—ใŸ็Œซใ ใ‚ˆใ€‚็ŠฌใฟใŸใ„ใซใตใ‚‹ใพใ†ใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปYeah, he's a good boy. He's a nice cat. He acts like a dog
ใƒปใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใจ็Œซใซไผšใฃใฆใฟใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰็Œซใ‚’ๅฅฝใใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ—!
ใƒปRebecca and I are going to meet a cat. Maybe you'll even like the cat!
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญ!ใพใ‚ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฑบใ‚ใคใ‘ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใญ
ใƒปYes, it is! Well, don't be the first to assume
ใƒปใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒกใ‚คใƒˆใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
ใƒปBecause I need a roommate
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹
ใƒปYou're right. I will

Picnic

ใƒปๅ—ใ‚ซใƒชใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ขใงๆšฎใ‚‰ใ™ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใชใฎใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใฎๅคใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใญ!
ใƒปI love living in Southern California. The summers here are really nice!
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅคฉๆฐ—ใŒใ„ใ„ใญ
ใƒปYes, it is. It's a beautiful day
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅค–ใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ„ใชใ€‚ไธ€ ็ท’ใซใฉใ†?
ใƒปI want to do something outside today. Would you like to join me?
ใƒปใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒใ—ใŸใ„ใชใ€‚ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ็”จใฎใƒใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใจใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ
ใƒปI'd like to have a picnic. I have a picnic basket and a blanket
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏใ„ใ„ใญใ€‚ๅ…ฌๅœ’ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ‹
ใƒปThat's a good idea. Let's go to the park
ใƒปๅ…ฌๅœ’ใ‹ใ€ใ„ใ„ใญ!ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹?
ใƒปPark, great! What to eat at the picnic?
ใƒปใ‚ตใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒƒใƒใŒใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ใช
ใƒปI think a sandwich would be good
ใƒปใƒ‘ใƒณๅฑ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใง็„ผใ็ซ‹ใฆใฎใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚’่ฒทใฃใฆใใ‚‹
ใƒปI'll go to the bakery and get some fresh bread
ใƒปๅƒ•ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใซใฏใƒใƒ ใจใ‚นใƒฉใ‚คใ‚นใ—ใŸใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ญใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใƒฌใ‚ฟใ‚นใจใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ—
ใƒปI have some ham and sliced turkey at my place. Lettuce I've got some lettuce and tomatoes
ใƒปๅฎถใซใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ‰ใฏใ‚ใ‚‹?
ใƒปDo you have any mustard in the house?
ใƒปใชใ„ใ€‚ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’่ฒทใŠใ†
ใƒปI don't have any. Then let's get some mustard
ใƒปใƒžใƒจใƒใƒผใ‚บใฏๅฅฝใ?
ใƒปDo you like mayonnaise?
ใƒปใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใƒžใƒจใƒใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใใญ
ใƒปThere is. I'll bring the mayonnaise
ใƒปใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงไฝ•ใ‹้ฃฒใฟใŸใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚‹?
ใƒปDo you want something to drink at the picnic?
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใชใ€‚ๆฐดใจใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ€ใงใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„?
ใƒปYeah, I guess so. Water and soda will do, right?
ใƒปๆฐดใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‘ใฉใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ€ใฏใชใ„ใช
ใƒปI've got water, but no soda
ใƒปใ†ใกใซใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ๆฐดใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใญใ€‚ๅƒ•ใฏใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใใ‹ใ‚‰
ใƒปI have soda at home. Then bring me some water. I'll bring the soda
ใƒปไฝ•ๆ™‚ใซๅ…ฌๅœ’ใงไผšใ†?
ใƒปWhat time do you want to meet at the park?
ใƒปๅˆๅ‰10ๆ™‚ใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†
ใƒปLet's make it 10:00 a.m
ใƒปใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใจใงใญ!
ใƒปAll right. I'll see you later!

Trip

ใƒป้€€ๅฑˆใ ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปI'm bored
ใƒปไฝ•ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹?
ใƒปWhat do we do?
ใƒปใฉใ“ใ‹ใซ่กŒใใŸใ„
ใƒปI want to go somewhere
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€่ปŠใงใฉใ“ใ‹ใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใช
ใƒปI don't know. But I'd love to take the car somewhere
ใƒปใ„ใ„ใญ! ่ปŠใง้ ๅ‡บใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆ!
ใƒปGreat! Let's go on a road trip!
ใƒปใ„ใ„ใญ!ใฉใ“ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ‹?
ใƒปGreat! Where do you want to go?
ใƒปใฉใ“ใŒใ„ใ„ใ‹ใชใ€‚ๅŒ—ใฎๆ–นใซ่กŒใฃใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปWhere do you want to go? Let's go up north
ใƒปใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ๆตทๆฒฟใ„ใ‚’ใšใฃใจ่ตฐใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ตใƒณใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใ‚ณใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ‹
ใƒปAll right. Let's drive all the way along the coast to San Francisco
ใƒป่ณ›ๆˆใ€‚ใƒขใƒณใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใซใ‚‚็ซ‹ใกๅฏ„ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ—!
ใƒปAgree. And we can stop in Monterey!
ใƒปใ†ใ‚“!ใƒขใƒณใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒปใƒ™ใ‚คๆฐดๆ—้คจใซ่กŒใฃใฆใฟใŸใ„
ใƒปYeah! I want to go to the Monterey Bay Aquarium
ใƒปๅƒ•ใ‚‚ใ€‚ใƒขใƒณใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒปใƒ™ใ‚คๆฐดๆ—้คจใงใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ณใŒ่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใ 
ใƒปMe too. I want to see the sea otters at the Monterey Bay Aquarium
ใƒปใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ณใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚ใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใญ!
ใƒปOtters are so cute!
ใƒปไปŠใ™ใ่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ไปŠใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹?
ใƒปI want to go now. Can we go now?
ใƒปใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“!ไฝ•ใ‹ใŠใ‚„ใคใŒๅฟ…่ฆใ ใญ
ใƒปOf course! I think I need a snack
ใƒปใฉใ‚“ใชใ‚นใƒŠใƒƒใ‚ฏใŒๅฅฝใ?
ใƒปWhat kind of snacks do you like?
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใƒ•ใƒปใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ‚ญใƒผใจใƒใƒ†ใƒˆใƒใƒƒใƒ—ใŒใ„ใ„ใช
ใƒปI'll take beef jerky and potato chips
ใƒปใƒ“ใƒผใƒ•ใƒปใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ‚ญใƒผใฏใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใซๆœ€ ้ซ˜ใ ใ‚ˆใญ!
ใƒปBeef jerky is the best for driving!
ใƒปๆฅฝใ—ใฟใ ใช!
ใƒปI'm looking forward to it!
ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ๅ‡บ็™บ!
ใƒปLet's go!

Beach

ใƒปใชใ‚“ใฆ็ด ๆ•ตใชๆ—ฅใชใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†!
ใƒปWhat a wonderful day!
ใƒปใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ ใญใ€‚ๆตœ่พบใ‚’ๆ•ฃๆญฉใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎๆ—ฅใ ใญ!
ใƒปThat's right. It's a perfect day for a walk on the beach!
ใƒปๆตœ่พบใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹็งใŸใกใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใญ
ใƒปWe're so lucky to live so close to the beach
ใƒปใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ ป็นใซๆฅใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปThat's right. We should come more often
ใƒปใใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใญใ€‚่ถณใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹็ ‚ใฎๆ„Ÿ่งฆใŒๅคงๅฅฝใ
ใƒปThat's right. I love the feel of the sand on my feet
ใƒปๅƒ•ใ‚‚ใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€็ ‚ใŒ็†ฑใ„ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใญ!
ใƒปMe too. But the sand can be hot!
ใƒป็ขบใ‹ใซใ€‚ใงใ‚‚ใ€ไปŠใฏใกใ‚‡ใ†ใฉใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚
ใƒปIndeed. But right now, it's just fine
ใƒป่ฒๆฎปใ‚’้›†ใ‚ใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใช
ใƒปMaybe I'll collect some shells
ใƒปๆฅฝใ—ใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ๅƒ•ใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆณณใ„ใงใ“ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใชใ€‚ๆตทใŒๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใฟใŸใ„ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
ใƒปThat sounds like fun. I think I'll go for a swim. It's like the ocean is calling me
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ!ๆฐ—ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใญ!
ใƒปAll right! Be careful!
ใƒป้ ใใธใฏ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ใปใ‚“ใฎๆ•ฐๅˆ†ๆณณใŽใŸใ„ใ ใ‘ใชใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใซใ€ๆณณใŽใฏๅพ—ๆ„ใ ใ—
ใƒปI'm not going far. I just want to swim for a few minutes. And I'm a good swimmer
ใƒปใ†ใ‚“ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œ่ฆ‹ใฆ
ใƒปYeah, a few. Look at this
ใƒปใ‚ใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใ„ใ ใญ!ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ซใƒฉใƒ•ใƒซใ ใญ
ใƒปWow, it's beautiful! So colorful!
ใƒปๆฐดใฏๅ†ทใŸใ‹ใฃใŸ?
ใƒปWas the water cold?
ใƒปๆœ€ ๅˆใฏๅ†ทใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ€ใใฎใ‚ใจใฏๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ๆณขใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅผทใ‹ใฃใŸใ‘ใฉใญ
ใƒปIt was cold at first, but after that it felt good. The waves were a little strong, though
ใƒปใ†ใ‚“ใ€ๅผทใใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใŸ
ใƒปYeah, he looked strong
ใƒปใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใๆตœ่พบใงใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ“ใ‚’ไนพใ‹ใ™ใ‚ˆ
ใƒปI'm going to relax on the beach for a while, dry off
ใƒปใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใพใŸ่ฒ ๆฎปใ‚’ๆŽขใ—ใฆใใ‚‹ใญใ€‚ใ™ใๆˆปใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰!
ใƒปOkay, I'll go look for more shells. I'll go look for more shells. I'll be right back!

Kanji

ๅฎ‰

ๅฎ‰ใ€ใ‚ขใƒณใ€‘
ใƒปๅฎ‰ๅฎš ใ‚ใ‚“ใฆใ„ stability
ใƒปๅฎ‰ๅ…จ ใ‚ใ‚“ใœใ‚“ safety
ใƒปๅฎ‰ๅฟƒ ใ‚ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚“ relief, peace of mind
ใƒปไธๅฎ‰ ใตใ‚ใ‚“ anxiety, worry
ใƒปๅฎ‰ๆ˜“ ใ‚ใ‚“ใ„ easy, simple
ใƒปๅฎ‰้™ ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ rest, quite
ใƒปๅฎ‰ไพก ใ‚ใ‚“ใ‹ low-priced

ๅฎ‰ใ€ใ‚„ใ™ใ€‘
ใƒป็›ฎๅฎ‰ ใ‚ใ‚„ใ™ standard, yardstick
ใƒปๅฎ‰ใ„ ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ cheap
ใƒปๅ‰ฒๅฎ‰ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ economical

ๆกˆใ€ใ‚ขใƒณใ€‘
ใƒปๆกˆๅ†… ใ‚ใ‚“ใ‚ใ„ guidance
ใƒปๆกˆๅค– ใ‚ใ‚“ใŒใ„ unexpected
ใƒปๆๆกˆ ใฆใ„ใ‚ใ‚“ proposal
ใƒป็ญ”ๆกˆ ใจใ†ใ‚ใ‚“ examination paper

ใƒปใ‚ใฎๅ›ฝใฏๆ”ฟๆฒปใŒๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€็”Ÿๆดปๆฐดๆบ–ใฏไฝŽใ„ใพใพใ ใ€‚
ใƒปไฝ“ใฎๅคงๅฐใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏๅฎ‰ๅ…จใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใง็œ ใ‚‹ใ€‚

ๅ‰

ๅ‰ใ€ใ‚คใ€‘
ใƒปๅ‰ๅคง ใ„ใ ใ„ great
ใƒปๅ‰ๆฅญ ใ„ใŽใ‚‡ใ† great work

ๅ‰ใ€ใˆใ‚‰ใ€‘
ใƒปๅ‰ใ„ ใˆใ‚‰ใ„ great, excellent

้•ใ€ใ‚คใ€‘
ใƒป้•ๅ ใ„ใฏใ‚“ violation
ใƒป้•ๆณ• ใ„ใปใ† illegal ใƒป็›ธ้• ใใ†ใ„ difference

้•ใ€ใกใŒใ€‘
ใƒป้•ใ† ใกใŒใ† to be different

ใƒปๅฝผใฏๅ‰ๅคงใช็ ”็ฉถ่€…ใจใ—ใฆใ€ๅฐŠๆ•ฌใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใƒปใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰้•ๅใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎใงๆ™ฏ่ฆณใซ่ปŠใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚

ๆฐธ

ๆฐธใ€ใ‚จใ‚คใ€‘
ใƒปๆฐธ้  ใˆใ„ใˆใ‚“ eternity
ใƒปๆฐธไน… ใˆใ„ใใ‚…ใ† eternity
ใƒปๆฐธ็ถš ใˆใ„ใžใ permanence
ใƒปๆฐธไฝ ใˆใ„ใ˜ใ‚…ใ† permanent residence

ๆณณใ€ใ‚จใ‚คใ€‘
ใƒปๆฐดๆณณ ใ™ใ„ใˆใ„ swimming
ใƒป็ซถๆณณ ใใ‚‡ใ†ใˆใ„ swimming race

ๆณณใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใ€‘
ใƒปๆณณใ ใŠใ‚ˆใ to swim

ใƒปๆฐดๆณณใฏ็”ทๅฅณใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใšใงใใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„ใจใ—ใฆไบบๆฐ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚

Speaking

Basic Communication

Attract someoneโ€™s attention
ใƒปใ‚ใฎใ†ใ€‚   
ใƒปUmm..
ใƒปใ‚ใฎใ†ใ€ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ..
ใƒปUh, excuse  me  (but)..
ใƒปใ‚ใฎใ†ใ€ๅคฑ็คผใงใ™ใŒ..
ใƒปUh, excuse  me/(I  am)  sorry  to  be  rude  (but)..
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ€‚  Say!
ใƒปใญใˆใ€‚Tell  you  what  /  Listen,
Response to someoneโ€™s asking an attention
ใƒปใฏใ„ใ€ไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ 
ใƒปYes, what  is  it?
ใƒปใˆใ€ไฝ•๏ผŸ   
ใƒปWhat is  it?
Initiating a conversation
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€    
ใƒปI have something  I  would  like  to  talk  to  you  about.
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ่ฉฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉใ€  
ใƒปI have something  I  want  to  tell  you.
ใƒปไปŠไบŒใ€ไธ‰ๅˆ†ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚    
ใƒปDo you  have  two  or  three  minutes  now?
ใƒปไปŠใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ„ใ„๏ผŸ   
ใƒปAreyou  free  right  now?
ใƒปไปŠใŠๅฟ™ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚    
ใƒปAreyou  busy  now?
ใƒปไปŠๅฟ™ใ—ใ„๏ผŸ  
ใƒปAreyou  busy  now?
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใŠ่žใใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒใ€   
ใƒปI have something  I  would  like  to  ask  you.
ใƒปใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ่žใใŸใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉใ€  
ใƒปI want to  ask  you  something.
ใƒปใŠไป•ไบ‹ไธญใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€    
ใƒปI am sorry  to  bother  you  in  the  middle  of  your  work,
ใƒปไป•ไบ‹ไธญใ„ใ‚“ใ ใ‘ใฉใ€  
ใƒปI am sorry  to  bother  you  in  the  middle  of  your  work,
Ending a conversation
ใƒปใงใฏ/ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใใ‚ใใ‚ใ“ใฎใ‚“ใงใ€‚
ใƒปWell.., I should  be  going  soon..
ใƒปใงใฏ/ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใใ‚ใใ‚ใ€‚    
ใƒปWell.., (I should  be  going  soon.)
ใƒปใงใฏ/ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ€‚  
ใƒปOK, then, this  is  it  for  today.
ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใญใ€‚  
ใƒปOk, then.
Introducing a topic
ใƒปๅฎŸใฏไปŠๅบฆใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉ   
ใƒปWell (lit.  actually),  itโ€™s  about  the  upcoming  exam
ใƒปๅฎŸใฏไปŠๅบฆใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎใ“ใจใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ
ใƒปWell (lit.  actually),  itโ€™s  about  the  upcoming  exam
Changing the topic
ใƒปใจใ“ใ‚ใง   
ใƒปby the  way,
ใƒป่ฉฑใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ   
ใƒปnot to  change  the  subject,
ใƒปใใ‚Œใฏใใ†ใจ 
ใƒปbe that  as  it  may,
ใƒป่ฉฑใฏ้•ใ†ใ‘ใฉ 
ใƒปnot  to  change  the  topic,
ใƒปใกใชใฟใซ   
ใƒปby the  way,
Opening remarks
ใƒปไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ~ใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚    
ใƒปToday, I  would  like  to  talk  about..
ใƒป~ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฟฐในใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚    
ใƒปI would  like  to  talk  about..
ใƒป~ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ่€ƒๅฏŸใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚  
ใƒปI would  like  to  look  at..
ใƒปๆœฌๆ—ฅใฏ..ใซใคใใพใ—ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆๆˆดใใพใ™ใ€‚ 
ใƒปI should  like  to  talk  about..today.
Establishing a sequence
ใƒปใพใšๅง‹ใ‚ใซ  
ใƒปfirst (of  all)
ใƒปใพใšๆœ€ๅˆใซ  
ใƒปfirst (of  all)
ใƒปๆฌกใซ 
ใƒปnext
ใƒป็ฌฌไธ€ใซ    
ใƒปfirstly
ใƒป็ฌฌไบŒ็‚นใจใ—ใฆ 
ใƒปas  my  second  point  /  secondly
ใƒปๆœ€ๅพŒใซ    
ใƒปlastly
Giving examples
ใƒปไพ‹ใˆใฐ    
ใƒปfor example
ใƒปใ„ใใคใ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ใ’ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚   
ใƒปI would  like  to  give  a  few  examples.
Summarizing and concluding
ใƒป็ต่ซ–ใ‚’่ฟฐในใพใ™ใจใ€  
ใƒปto conclude,
ใƒป็ต่ซ–ใจใ—ใฆๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใŒ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚    
ใƒปAs a  conclusion,  I  can  say  the  following.
ใƒปไปฅไธŠใฎใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰~ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใŒๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ 
ใƒปFrom what  Iโ€™ve  said  so  far,  I  believe  it  is  clear  that..
ใƒปไปฅไธŠใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใพใจใ‚ใพใ™ใจ   
ใƒปto summarize  (what  I  have  said  so  far)
ใƒปใคใพใ‚Š~ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚   
ใƒปIn other  words,  it  means..
To end a presentation
ใƒปไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆธ…่ดใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚   
ใƒปThis  concludes  my  (presentation,  speech).  Thank  you  for  listening.
ใƒปใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚   
ใƒปI would  like  to  end  (my  presentation,  speech).

Daily

Introduction

Self Introduction
๐Ÿ…ผ ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใพใ—ใฆใ€‚็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใงใ™
๐Ÿ…ผ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใพใ—ใŸ
๐Ÿ…ผ ๆ—…่กŒไผš็คพใงใ™
๐Ÿ…ผ ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ผ Nice to meet you. My name is Johnใ€€
๐Ÿ…ผ I came from America
๐Ÿ…ผ I am a travel agent
๐Ÿ…ผ Glad to meet you all
Meeting a person for the first time
๐Ÿ…ผ ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใพใ—ใฆใ€‚็งใฏใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ต ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใพใ—ใฆใ€‚ใ‚Šใชใจ็”ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ผ How do you do. I am John. Nice to meet youใ€€
๐Ÿ…ต How do you do. I am Rina. Nice to meet you too..
Small talk during the first meeting
๐Ÿ…ผ ใ‚Šใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ”ๅ‡บ่บซใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ต ใƒญใƒณใƒ‰ใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใฏ๏ผŸ
๐Ÿ…ผ ใ‚ทใ‚ซใ‚ดใงใ™ใ€‚ๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ต ๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ•ใ‚“ใฏ๏ผŸ
๐Ÿ…ผ ๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ—…่กŒไผš็คพใซๅ‹คใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ผ Rina-san, Where are you from?ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ต I am from London. How about John-san?
๐Ÿ…ผ I am from Chicago. Are a student or working already?ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ต I am a student. How about John-san?
๐Ÿ…ผ I am working. I work at a travel agency
More questions during the first meeting
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠไป•ไบ‹ใฏใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠๅ›ฝใฏใชใ‚“ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠไฝๅฑ…ใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ไฝ•ๆญณใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ„ใใคใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ไฝ•ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
๐Ÿ†€ What is your job?
๐Ÿ†€ What country are you from?
๐Ÿ†€ Where do you live?
๐Ÿ†€ What is your age?
๐Ÿ†€ How old are you?
๐Ÿ†€ What do you do?
More information during the first meeting
๐Ÿ†‚ ็งใฏไผš็คพๅ“กใงใ™   
๐Ÿ†‚ ๅƒ•ใฏไปŠๅนดใง23ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†‚ ็งใฏๅคงๅญฆ๏ผ”ๅนด็”Ÿใงใ™
๐Ÿ†‚ ็งใฎ่ถฃๅ‘ณใฏไธ–็•Œไธญใ‚’ๆ—…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
๐Ÿ†‚ I'm an office worker     
๐Ÿ†‚ I'll be 23 this year    
๐Ÿ†‚ I'm in my fourth year of universitygg
๐Ÿ†‚ My hobby is travelling around the world

Greetings

Meeting a person for the first time
๐Ÿ…ผ ๅˆใ‚ใพใ—ใฆใ€‚ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‘ใ„ใŸใฎใƒซใƒผใƒ ใƒกใ‚คใƒˆใงใ™
๐Ÿ…ต ๅˆใ‚ใพใ—ใฆใ€‚ใ‚Šใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‘ใ„ใŸใฎๅคงๅญฆใฎๅ‹้”ใงใ™
๐Ÿ…ผ ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใ“ใใ€ใฉใ†ใžใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ
๐Ÿ…ผ Nice to meet you. I'm Mike. I'm Keita's roommate.
๐Ÿ…ต Nice to meet you. I'm Rin. I'm Keita's friend from college.
๐Ÿ…ผ Nice to meet you too.
Talking to a neighbor
๐Ÿ…ผ ใŠใฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ต ใ‚ใ€ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใŠใฏใ‚ˆใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŠๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ…ผ ใˆใˆใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅ‡บๅผตใง
๐Ÿ…ต ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ใ„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‰ใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ„ใ€‚ใŠๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆ
๐Ÿ…ผ Good morning.
๐Ÿ…ต Oh, Mike, good morning. Are you going out?
๐Ÿ…ผ Yeah, just on a business trip.
๐Ÿ…ต Oh, I see. Have a good day. Take care.

Restaurant

Reservation
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใฏใ„ใ€ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฟใ‚„ใ“ใงใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ‚ใฎใ†ใ€ไบˆ็ด„ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ..
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ„ใคใฎไบˆ็ด„ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ…ฒ 20ๆ—ฅใฎ7ๆ™‚ใซ2ๅใงใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†ƒ Hello, this is Miyako restaurantใ€€
๐Ÿ…ฒ Uhmm, I would like to make a reservation
๐Ÿ†ƒ Most certainly, When would you like to make a reservation?
๐Ÿ…ฒ On the 20th, at 7 o'clock for 2 people please
Telling the reservation
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ„ใ‚‰ใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ„ใพใ›ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใ‚ฝใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚7ๆ™‚2ๅใงไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏๆง˜ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใŠๅพ…ใกใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใธใฉใ†ใž
๐Ÿ†ƒ Welcome!ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ฒ I'm Mike Johnson and I have a reservation for two at 7:00
๐Ÿ†ƒ You must be Mike. We've been expecting you. This way, please
Recommendation
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎใŠใ™ใ™ใ‚ๆ–™็†ใฏใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ฒ ่ฑš้ชจใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใงใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใงใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
๐Ÿ†ƒ What is the best dish in this restaurant?ใ€€
๐Ÿ…ฒ Pork bone ramen, sir.
๐Ÿ†ƒ That sounds good. I'll have some of that, please.
๐Ÿ…ฒ Most certainly
Seating preference
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ„ใ‚‰ใฃใ—ใ‚ƒใ„ใพใ›ใ€‚ไฝ•ๅๆง˜ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใˆใƒผใฃใจใ€‚6ไบบใ‚ใฎใ†ใ€ใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅ€‹ๅฎคใŒใ„ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ..
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๅฐ‘ใ€…ใŠๅพ…ใกใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†ƒ Welcome. How many people are in your party?
๐Ÿ…ฒ Well, 6 peoplw. Uhm, if possible, we would like to have a private room 
๐Ÿ†ƒ Most certainly. Please wait a moment
Asking a menu
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ‚ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใฏใ„ใ€ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ไปŠใ€ใŠๆŒใกใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†ƒ Excuse me. Menu, please
๐Ÿ…ฒ Yes, most certainly
๐Ÿ†ƒ Oh, do you have a menu in English?
๐Ÿ…ฒ Yes, we do. I'll bring one immediately
Asking food if contains..
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ“ใฎๆ–™็†ใซ่ฑš่‚‰ๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ้ถ่‚‰ใงใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ Is there any pork in this dish?
๐Ÿ†ƒ No, there is no pork in this dish. It's chicken
๐Ÿ…ฒ I see. I'll have this one, please
Asking about the food dish
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€Œๆฟใ‚ใ•ใ€ใฃใฆใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ‹ใพใผใ“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚้†คๆฒนใจใ‚ใ•ใณๅฌใ—ไธŠใŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ€Œใ‹ใพใผใ“ใ€ใฃใฆ่‚‰ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚้ญšใงใ™
๐Ÿ†ƒ I'm sorry. What's "itawasa"?
๐Ÿ…ฒ It's kamaboko. Please enjoy it with soy sauce and wasabi
๐Ÿ†ƒ Is "kamaboko" meat?
๐Ÿ…ฒ No, it's not. It's fish
Ordering
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซ4ใคใจใ‚ฆใƒผใƒญใƒณ่Œถ2ใคใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใ‚’4ใคใจใ‚ฆใƒผใƒญใƒณ่Œถใ‚’2ใคใงใ™ใญ
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็„ผใ้ณฅใฎ็››ใ‚Šๅˆใ‚ใ›ใจใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ ็„ผใ้ณฅใฎ็››ใ‚Šๅˆใ‚ใ›ใจใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใพใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
๐Ÿ†ƒ Excuse me. Four beers and two oolong teas, please.
๐Ÿ…ฒ Four beers and two oolong teas, please.
๐Ÿ†ƒ And some assorted grilled chicken and salad, please.
๐Ÿ…ฒ Assorted yakitori and salad. Most certainly
Asking food that has not arrived
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€้…ใ„ใญ
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใใ†ใ ใญใ€‚ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚ตใƒฉใƒ€ใŒใพใ ใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉ
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใŠๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ—ใฆ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ™ใใŠๆŒใกใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ The salad is late isn't it?
๐Ÿ…ฒ That's right. Excuse me, the salad has not arrived yet
๐Ÿ†ƒ I'm sorry to keep you waiting. It will be brought out soon
Paying the bill
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใŠไผš่จˆใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†ƒ ใฏใ„ใ€9,000ๅ††ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€ๅ‰ฒใ‚Šๅ‹˜ใงใ„ใ„ใ‹ใช
๐Ÿ…ฒ ใˆใƒผใฃใจใ€1ไบบ1,500ๅ††ใšใค
๐Ÿ…ฒ Excuse me. Can I have the bill, please?
๐Ÿ†ƒ Yes, that'll be 9,000 yen
๐Ÿ…ฒ Let's split the bill, shall we?
๐Ÿ…ฒ Let's see, 1,500 yen each
More phrases
๐Ÿ†€ ไฝ•ๅๆง˜ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ 2ไบบใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ็”ณใ—่จณใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๅชไปŠใ€ๆบ€ๅธญใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ๅพ…ใกๆ™‚้–“ใฏใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๅพ…ใกใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ”ไบˆ็ด„ใฏใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ 7ๆ™‚ใซไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹~ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ไบˆ็ด„ใฏใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ”ๆกˆๅ†…ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠๅฅฝใใชๅธญใฉใ†ใž
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠๅฅฝใใชๅธญใŠๅบงใ‚Šใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†€ How many people?
๐Ÿ†€ Two, person
๐Ÿ†€ We're sorry. We are full right now
๐Ÿ†€ How long is the wait time?
๐Ÿ†€ How long will I have to wait?
๐Ÿ†€ Do you have a reservation?
๐Ÿ†€ I have a reservation at 7:00
๐Ÿ†€ No, I don't have a reservation
๐Ÿ†€ Follow me, please
๐Ÿ†€ Please have a seat anywhere you like
๐Ÿ†€ Please have a seat anywhere you like    
๐Ÿ†€ ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ”ๆณจๆ–‡ใฏใŠๆฑบใพใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใพใ ๆฑบใพใฃใฆใชใ„ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใพใŸๅพŒใง่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใงใฏใ€ใพใŸๅพŒใงใŠไผบใ„ใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ๅคฉใทใ‚‰ๅฎš้ฃŸใใ ใ•ใ„    
๐Ÿ†€ ใƒใƒผใ‚บใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฐใง    
๐Ÿ†€ ใƒใƒผใ‚บใƒใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚ฐใจใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผ
๐Ÿ†€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†€ ไฝ•ใŒใŠใ™ใ™ใ‚ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฏไฝ•ใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†€ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅคงไธˆๅคซ
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a menu?
๐Ÿ†€ Are you ready to order?
๐Ÿ†€ No, I haven't decided yet
๐Ÿ†€ I'll tell you later
๐Ÿ†€ Then I'll ask you again later
๐Ÿ†€ Tempura set meal, please 
๐Ÿ†€ Cheese hamburger, please  
๐Ÿ†€ Cheese hamburger and coffee
๐Ÿ†€ I'll have this one, please
๐Ÿ†€ What do you recommend?
๐Ÿ†€ What would you like to drink?
๐Ÿ†€ Coffee, please
๐Ÿ†€ No, I'm fine
๐Ÿ†€ ใ“ใฎๆ–™็†ใซๅตใฏๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใชใฎใงใ€ๅตๆŠœใใงไฝœใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฏใ„ใคใŠๅพ…ใกใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ๅ…ˆใซใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ไธ€็ท’ใซใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ้ฃŸๅพŒใซใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ไปฅไธŠใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ“ใ‚Œใงๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใŒใพใ ๆฅใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ™ใŒ
๐Ÿ†€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใจ้•ใ„ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ“ใ‚Œๆณจๆ–‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ Do you have any eggs in this dish?
๐Ÿ†€ I'm allergic to eggs, can you make it without them?
๐Ÿ†€ When would you like your drinks?
๐Ÿ†€ Before the meal, please
๐Ÿ†€ With the meal, please
๐Ÿ†€ After the meal, please
๐Ÿ†€ That's all
๐Ÿ†€ That would be all for now
๐Ÿ†€ Excuse me. My order hasn't come yet
๐Ÿ†€ Excuse me. This is not what I ordered
๐Ÿ†€ I didn't order this
๐Ÿ†€ ๅ–ใ‚Š็šฟใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠๆฐดใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠใ—ใผใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠๆ‰‹ๆด—ใ„ใฏใฉใ“ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใฏใฉใ“ใงๅธใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠ็šฟใ€ใŠไธ‹ใ’ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใฏใ„ใ€ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใพใ ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠไผš่จˆใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠไผš่จˆใ€ๅˆฅใ€…ใซใงใใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ้ ˜ๅŽๆ›ธใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have some small plates?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a glass of water?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a wet towel?
๐Ÿ†€ Where is the restroom?
๐Ÿ†€ Where can I smoke?
๐Ÿ†€ May I take your plates?
๐Ÿ†€ Yes, please
๐Ÿ†€ I'm still eating
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have the bill please
๐Ÿ†€ Do you accept credit cards?
๐Ÿ†€ Can we pay separately?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I get a receipt?

Travel

Flight
๐Ÿ†€ ใ“ใฎๆญไน—ๅˆธใฎๅธญใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ๆญไน—ๅˆธใ‚’ๆ‹่ฆ‹ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ่ท็‰ฉใ‚’ๆฃšใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ“ใฏ็งใฎๅธญใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ไป–ใฎๅธญใซ็งปใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ๆฏ›ๅธƒใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๆžšใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ๆ–ฐ่žใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅ€’ใ™ใฎใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใƒชใƒขใ‚ณใƒณใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚คใƒคใƒ›ใƒณใฎ่ชฟๅญใŒๆ‚ชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒ
๐Ÿ†€ ้•ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใจไบคๆ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใŠๆฐดใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใฏใ„ใ€ใ™ใใซใŠๆŒใกใ„ใŸใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ๅ…ฅๅ›ฝใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ็จŽ้–ข็”ณๅ‘Šๆ›ธใฎ็”จ็ด™ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†€ ใƒšใƒณใ‚’ใŠๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ Where are the seats on this boarding pass?
๐Ÿ†€ May I see your boarding pass, please?
๐Ÿ†€ Could you please put my luggage on the shelf?
๐Ÿ†€ Excuse me, this is my seat.
๐Ÿ†€ May I move to another seat?
๐Ÿ†€ Excuse me, can I have another blanket?
๐Ÿ†€ Do you have a newspaper?
๐Ÿ†€ How do I fold down the seat?
๐Ÿ†€ I'd like to know how to use the remote control.
๐Ÿ†€ What's wrong with my earphones?
๐Ÿ†€ Can you replace the earphone with a different one?
๐Ÿ†€ Excuse me, can I have some water?
๐Ÿ†€ Yes, I'll bring it right away.
๐Ÿ†€ Can you teach me how to fill out the immigration card?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a customs declaration form?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I borrow a pen?
In-Flight-Food
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠ้ฃŸไบ‹ใฏไฝ•ใชใ•ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ้ฃŸไบ‹ใฏๅ’Œ้ฃŸใจๆด‹้ฃŸใฎใ”็”จๆ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ๅ’Œ้ฃŸใฎใƒกใ‚คใƒณใฏ้ญšใ€ๆด‹้ฃŸใฎใƒกใ‚คใƒณใฏ้€šใ‚Š่‚‰ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠ้ฃŸไบ‹ใฏใŠๆธˆใฟใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠ้ฃฒใฟ็‰ฉใฏใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ็ด…่Œถใฏใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใฉใ‚“ใชใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฏใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€ใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใจใƒˆใƒžใƒˆใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒฉใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†€ ่ตคใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€็ตๆง‹ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ็ ‚็ณ–ใจใƒŸใƒซใ‚ฏๅ…ฅใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
๐Ÿ†€ ใฏใ„ใ€ไธกๆ–นใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใŠๆš‘ใ„ใฎใงใŠๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ†€ What kind of meal will you have?
๐Ÿ†€ Japanese food is available in Japanese and Western style.
๐Ÿ†€ The main course of Japanese food is fish, while the main course of Western food is meat.
๐Ÿ†€ Have you eaten yet?
๐Ÿ†€ Would you like a drink?
๐Ÿ†€ Would you like a cup of tea?
๐Ÿ†€ What kind of juice do you have?
๐Ÿ†€ We have orange juice, apple juice and tomato juice.
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a Coke, please?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a glass of red wine, please?
๐Ÿ†€ No, thank you.
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have a cup of coffee, please?
๐Ÿ†€ Can I have sugar and milk?
๐Ÿ†€ Yes, both please.
๐Ÿ†€ Please be careful, it's very hot.
Immigration
๐Ÿ†€ ใƒ‘ใ‚นใƒใƒผใจใจใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
๐Ÿ…ฐ ใฏใ„ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ่ฆณๅ…‰ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
๐Ÿ…ฐ ใฏใ„ใ€่ฆณๅ…‰ใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ๆปžๅœจใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
๐Ÿ…ฐ ๏ผ’ใƒถๆœˆใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ ใฉใ“ใซๅฎฟๆณŠใฎไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
๐Ÿ…ฐ ๅฏŒๅฃซๆ—…้คจใงใ™
๐Ÿ†€ Please show me your passport and ticket.
๐Ÿ…ฐ Yes, here you go.
๐Ÿ†€ Are you sightseeing?
๐Ÿ…ฐ Yes, sightseeing.
๐Ÿ†€ How long will you be staying?
๐Ÿ…ฐ Two months.
๐Ÿ†€ Where do you plan to stay?
๐Ÿ…ฐ Fuji Ryokan.

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ฯžฯž(เน‘โšˆ โ€คฬซ โšˆเน‘)โˆฉ